Allow the NFSv4 server to make use of TCP autotuning behaviour, which
was previously disabled by setting the sk_userlocks variable.
Set the receive buffers to be big enough to receive the whole RPC
request, and set this for the listening socket, not the accept socket.
Remove the code that readjusts the receive/send buffer sizes for the
accepted socket. Previously this code was used to influence the TCP
window management behaviour, which is no longer needed when autotuning
is enabled.
This can improve IO bandwidth on networks with high bandwidth-delay
products, where a large tcp window is required. It also simplifies
performance tuning, since getting adequate tcp buffers previously
required increasing the number of nfsd threads.
Signed-off-by: Olga Kornievskaia <aglo@citi.umich.edu>
Cc: Jim Rees <rees@umich.edu>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Ensure that we immediately read and buffer data from the incoming TCP
stream so that we grow the receive window quickly, and don't deadlock on
large READ or WRITE requests.
Also do some minor exit cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
It's much simpler just to copy the cb reply data than to play tricks
with pages. Callback replies will typically be very small (at least
until we implement cb_getattr, in which case files with very long ACLs
could pose a problem), so there's no loss in efficiency.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
If the client sents a record too short to contain even the beginning of
the rpc header, then just close the connection.
The current code drops the record data and continues. I don't see the
point. It's a hopeless situation and simpler just to cut off the
connection completely.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Minor cleanup in preparation for later patches.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Don't requeue the socket in some cases where we know it's unnecessary.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Add proper RCU annotations/verbs to sk_wq and wq members
Fix __sctp_write_space() sk_sleep() abuse (and sock->wq access)
Fix sunrpc sk_sleep() abuse too
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The information required to find the nfs_client cooresponding to the incoming
back channel request is contained in the NFS layer. Perform minimal checking
in the RPC layer pg_authenticate method, and push more detailed checking into
the NFS layer where the nfs_client can be found.
Signed-off-by: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
* 'for-2.6.38' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux: (62 commits)
nfsd4: fix callback restarting
nfsd: break lease on unlink, link, and rename
nfsd4: break lease on nfsd setattr
nfsd: don't support msnfs export option
nfsd4: initialize cb_per_client
nfsd4: allow restarting callbacks
nfsd4: simplify nfsd4_cb_prepare
nfsd4: give out delegations more quickly in 4.1 case
nfsd4: add helper function to run callbacks
nfsd4: make sure sequence flags are set after destroy_session
nfsd4: re-probe callback on connection loss
nfsd4: set sequence flag when backchannel is down
nfsd4: keep finer-grained callback status
rpc: allow xprt_class->setup to return a preexisting xprt
rpc: keep backchannel xprt as long as server connection
rpc: move sk_bc_xprt to svc_xprt
nfsd4: allow backchannel recovery
nfsd4: support BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION
nfsd4: modify session list under cl_lock
Documentation: fl_mylease no longer exists
...
Fix up conflicts in fs/nfsd/vfs.c with the vfs-scale work. The
vfs-scale work touched some msnfs cases, and this merge removes support
for that entirely, so the conflict was trivial to resolve.
This seems obviously transport-level information even if it's currently
used only by the server socket code.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Differentiate from server backchannel
Signed-off-by: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
The sessions based callback service is started prior to the CREATE_SESSION call
so that it can handle CB_NULL requests which can be sent before the
CREATE_SESSION call returns and the session ID is known.
Set the callback sessionid after a sucessful CREATE_SESSION.
Signed-off-by: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Move the current sock create and destroy routines into the new transport ops.
Back channel socket will be destroyed by the svc_closs_all call in svc_destroy.
Added check: only TCP supported on shared back channel.
Signed-off-by: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Acked-by: Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Currently svc_sock_names calls svc_close_xprt on a svc_sock to
which it does not own a reference.
As soon as svc_close_xprt sets XPT_CLOSE, the socket could be
freed by a separate thread (though this is a very unlikely race).
It is safer to hold a reference while calling svc_close_xprt.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Saves some lines of code and some branticks when reading one.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
The context is already known in all the sock_create callers.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
After this the socket creation in it knows the context.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next-2.6: (1674 commits)
qlcnic: adding co maintainer
ixgbe: add support for active DA cables
ixgbe: dcb, do not tag tc_prio_control frames
ixgbe: fix ixgbe_tx_is_paused logic
ixgbe: always enable vlan strip/insert when DCB is enabled
ixgbe: remove some redundant code in setting FCoE FIP filter
ixgbe: fix wrong offset to fc_frame_header in ixgbe_fcoe_ddp
ixgbe: fix header len when unsplit packet overflows to data buffer
ipv6: Never schedule DAD timer on dead address
ipv6: Use POSTDAD state
ipv6: Use state_lock to protect ifa state
ipv6: Replace inet6_ifaddr->dead with state
cxgb4: notify upper drivers if the device is already up when they load
cxgb4: keep interrupts available when the ports are brought down
cxgb4: fix initial addition of MAC address
cnic: Return SPQ credit to bnx2x after ring setup and shutdown.
cnic: Convert cnic_local_flags to atomic ops.
can: Fix SJA1000 command register writes on SMP systems
bridge: fix build for CONFIG_SYSFS disabled
ARCNET: Limit com20020 PCI ID matches for SOHARD cards
...
Fix up various conflicts with pcmcia tree drivers/net/
{pcmcia/3c589_cs.c, wireless/orinoco/orinoco_cs.c and
wireless/orinoco/spectrum_cs.c} and feature removal
(Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt).
Also fix a non-content conflict due to pm_qos_requirement getting
renamed in the PM tree (now pm_qos_request) in net/mac80211/scan.c
This patch removes from net/ (but not any netfilter files)
all the unnecessary return; statements that precede the
last closing brace of void functions.
It does not remove the returns that are immediately
preceded by a label as gcc doesn't like that.
Done via:
$ grep -rP --include=*.[ch] -l "return;\n}" net/ | \
xargs perl -i -e 'local $/ ; while (<>) { s/\n[ \t\n]+return;\n}/\n}/g; print; }'
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
svc_xprt_received must be called when ->xpo_recvfrom has finished
receiving a message, so that the XPT_BUSY flag will be cleared and
if necessary, requeued for further work.
This call is currently made in each ->xpo_recvfrom function, often
from multiple different points. In each case it is the earliest point
on a particular path where it is known that the protection provided by
XPT_BUSY is no longer needed.
However there are (still) some error paths which do not call
svc_xprt_received, and requiring each ->xpo_recvfrom to make the call
does not encourage robustness.
So: move the svc_xprt_received call to be made just after the
call to ->xpo_recvfrom(), and move it of the various ->xpo_recvfrom
methods.
This means that it may not be called at the earliest possible instant,
but this is unlikely to be a measurable performance issue.
Note that there are still other calls to svc_xprt_received as it is
also needed when an xprt is newly created.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Define a new function to return the waitqueue of a "struct sock".
static inline wait_queue_head_t *sk_sleep(struct sock *sk)
{
return sk->sk_sleep;
}
Change all read occurrences of sk_sleep by a call to this function.
Needed for a future RCU conversion. sk_sleep wont be a field directly
available.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
One the changes in commit d7979ae4a "svc: Move close processing to a
single place" is:
err_delete:
- svc_delete_socket(svsk);
+ set_bit(SK_CLOSE, &svsk->sk_flags);
return -EAGAIN;
This is insufficient. The recvfrom methods must always call
svc_xprt_received on completion so that the socket gets re-queued if
there is any more work to do. This particular path did not make that
call because it actually destroyed the svsk, making requeue pointless.
When the svc_delete_socket was change to just set a bit, we should have
added a call to svc_xprt_received,
This is the problem that b0401d7253 attempted to fix, incorrectly.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Relax the address family check at the top of svc_addsock() to allow AF_INET6
listener sockets to be specified via /proc/fs/nfsd/portlist.
Signed-off-by: Aime Le Rouzic <aime.le-rouzic@bull.net>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Conflicts:
drivers/net/usb/cdc_ether.c
All CDC ethernet devices of type USB_CLASS_COMM need to use
'&mbm_info'.
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
On UDP sockets, we must call skb_free_datagram() with socket locked,
or risk sk_forward_alloc corruption. This requirement is not respected
in SUNRPC.
Add a convenient helper, skb_free_datagram_locked() and use it in SUNRPC
Reported-by: Francis Moreau <francis.moro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
In order to have better cache layouts of struct sock (separate zones
for rx/tx paths), we need this preliminary patch.
Goal is to transfert fields used at lookup time in the first
read-mostly cache line (inside struct sock_common) and move sk_refcnt
to a separate cache line (only written by rx path)
This patch adds inet_ prefix to daddr, rcv_saddr, dport, num, saddr,
sport and id fields. This allows a future patch to define these
fields as macros, like sk_refcnt, without name clashes.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
When the call direction is a reply, copy the xid and call direction into the
req->rq_private_buf.head[0].iov_base otherwise rpc_verify_header returns
rpc_garbage.
Signed-off-by: Rahul Iyer <iyer@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Sager <sager@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Eshel <eshel@almaden.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Signed-off-by: Ricardo Labiaga <Ricardo.Labiaga@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
[get rid of CONFIG_NFSD_V4_1]
[sunrpc: refactoring of svc_tcp_recvfrom]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: create common send routine for the fore and the back channels]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: Use free_page() to free server backchannel pages]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: Document server backchannel locking]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: remove bc_connect_worker()]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: Define xprt_server_backchannel()[
[nfsd41: sunrpc: remove bc_close and bc_init_auto_disconnect dummy functions]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: eliminate unneeded switch statement in xs_setup_tcp()]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: Don't auto close the server backchannel connection]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: Remove unused functions]
Signed-off-by: Alexandros Batsakis <batsakis@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Ricardo Labiaga <Ricardo.Labiaga@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
[nfsd41: change bc_sock to bc_xprt]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: move struct rpc_buffer def into a common header file]
[nfsd41: sunrpc: use rpc_sleep in bc_send_request so not to block on mutex]
[removed cosmetic changes]
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
[sunrpc: add new xprt class for nfsv4.1 backchannel]
[sunrpc: v2.1 change handling of auto_close and init_auto_disconnect operations for the nfsv4.1 backchannel]
Signed-off-by: Alexandros Batsakis <batsakis@netapp.com>
[reverted more cosmetic leftovers]
[got rid of xprt_server_backchannel]
[separated "nfsd41: sunrpc: add new xprt class for nfsv4.1 backchannel"]
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@netapp.com>
[sunrpc: change idle timeout value for the backchannel]
Signed-off-by: Alexandros Batsakis <batsakis@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Factor functionality out of svc_tcp_recvfrom() to simplify routine
Signed-off-by: Alexandros Batsakis <batsakis@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Ricardo Labiaga <Ricardo.Labiaga@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
PKTINFO is needed to scrape the caller's IP address off the socket so
RPC datagram replies are routed correctly. Fill in missing pieces in
the kernel RPC server's UDP receive path to request IPv6 PKTINFO and
correctly parse the IPv6 cmsg header.
Without this patch, kernel RPC services drop all incoming requests on
UDP on IPv6.
Related commit: 7a37f5787e
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
* 'for-2.6.31' of git://fieldses.org/git/linux-nfsd: (60 commits)
SUNRPC: Fix the TCP server's send buffer accounting
nfsd41: Backchannel: minorversion support for the back channel
nfsd41: Backchannel: cleanup nfs4.0 callback encode routines
nfsd41: Remove ip address collision detection case
nfsd: optimise the starting of zero threads when none are running.
nfsd: don't take nfsd_mutex twice when setting number of threads.
nfsd41: sanity check client drc maxreqs
nfsd41: move channel attributes from nfsd4_session to a nfsd4_channel_attr struct
NFS: kill off complicated macro 'PROC'
sunrpc: potential memory leak in function rdma_read_xdr
nfsd: minor nfsd_vfs_write cleanup
nfsd: Pull write-gathering code out of nfsd_vfs_write
nfsd: track last inode only in use_wgather case
sunrpc: align cache_clean work's timer
nfsd: Use write gathering only with NFSv2
NFSv4: kill off complicated macro 'PROC'
NFSv4: do exact check about attribute specified
knfsd: remove unreported filehandle stats counters
knfsd: fix reply cache memory corruption
knfsd: reply cache cleanups
...
Currently, the sunrpc server is refusing to allow us to process new RPC
calls if the TCP send buffer is 2/3 full, even if we do actually have
enough free space to guarantee that we can send another request.
The following patch fixes svc_tcp_has_wspace() so that we only stop
processing requests if we know that the socket buffer cannot possibly fit
another reply.
It also fixes the tcp write_space() callback so that we only clear the
SOCK_NOSPACE flag when the TCP send buffer is less than 2/3 full.
This should ensure that the send window will grow as per the standard TCP
socket code.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
For nfs41 callbacks we need an svc_xprt to process requests coming up the
backchannel socket as rpc_rqst's that are transformed into svc_rqst's that
need a rq_xprt to be processed.
The svc_{udp,tcp}_create methods are too heavy for this job as svc_create_socket
creates an actual socket to listen on while for nfs41 we're "reusing" the
fore channel's socket.
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
This reverts commit 47a14ef1af "svcrpc:
take advantage of tcp autotuning", which uncovered some further problems
in the server rpc code, causing significant performance regressions in
common cases.
We will likely reinstate this patch after releasing 2.6.30 and applying
some work on the underlying fixes to the problem (developed by Trond).
Reported-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Cc: Olga Kornievskaia <aglo@citi.umich.edu>
Cc: Jim Rees <rees@umich.edu>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Clean up svc_one_sock_name() by setting up automatic variables for
frequently used expressions.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Add an arm to the switch statement in svc_one_sock_name() so it can
construct the name of PF_INET6 sockets properly.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Aime Le Rouzic <aime.le-rouzic@bull.net>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Use snprintf() in one_sock_name() to prevent overflowing the output
buffer. If the name doesn't fit in the buffer, the buffer is filled
in with an empty string, and -ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Adjust the synopsis of svc_sock_names() to pass in the size of the
output buffer. Add a documenting comment.
This is a cosmetic change for now. A subsequent patch will make sure
the buffer length is passed to one_sock_name(), where the length will
actually be useful.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Adjust the synopsis of svc_addsock() to pass in the size of the output
buffer. Add a documenting comment.
This is a cosmetic change for now. A subsequent patch will make sure
the buffer length is passed to one_sock_name(), where the length will
actually be useful.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
The svc_addr_len() helper function returns -EAFNOSUPPORT if it doesn't
recognize the address family of the passed-in socket address. However,
the return type of this function is size_t, which means -EAFNOSUPPORT
is turned into a very large positive value in this case.
The check in svc_udp_recvfrom() to see if the return value is less
than zero therefore won't work at all.
Additionally, handle_connect_req() passes this value directly to
memset(). This could cause memset() to clobber a large chunk of memory
if svc_addr_len() has returned an error. Currently the address family
of these addresses, however, is known to be supported long before
handle_connect_req() is called, so this isn't a real risk.
Change the error return value of svc_addr_len() to zero, which fits in
the range of size_t, and is safer to pass to memset() directly.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
* 'for-2.6.30' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux: (81 commits)
nfsd41: define nfsd4_set_statp as noop for !CONFIG_NFSD_V4
nfsd41: define NFSD_DRC_SIZE_SHIFT in set_max_drc
nfsd41: Documentation/filesystems/nfs41-server.txt
nfsd41: CREATE_EXCLUSIVE4_1
nfsd41: SUPPATTR_EXCLCREAT attribute
nfsd41: support for 3-word long attribute bitmask
nfsd: dynamically skip encoded fattr bitmap in _nfsd4_verify
nfsd41: pass writable attrs mask to nfsd4_decode_fattr
nfsd41: provide support for minor version 1 at rpc level
nfsd41: control nfsv4.1 svc via /proc/fs/nfsd/versions
nfsd41: add OPEN4_SHARE_ACCESS_WANT nfs4_stateid bmap
nfsd41: access_valid
nfsd41: clientid handling
nfsd41: check encode size for sessions maxresponse cached
nfsd41: stateid handling
nfsd: pass nfsd4_compound_state* to nfs4_preprocess_{state,seq}id_op
nfsd41: destroy_session operation
nfsd41: non-page DRC for solo sequence responses
nfsd41: Add a create session replay cache
nfsd41: create_session operation
...
Also ensure that we use the protocol family instead of the address
family when calling sock_create_kern().
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
We are about to convert to using separate RPC listener sockets for
PF_INET and PF_INET6. This echoes the way IPv6 is handled in user
space by TI-RPC, and eliminates the need for ULPs to worry about
mapped IPv4 AF_INET6 addresses when doing address comparisons.
Start by setting the IPV6ONLY flag on PF_INET6 RPC listener sockets.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Since the sv_family field is going away, modify svc_setup_socket() to
extract the protocol family from the passed-in socket instead of from
the passed-in svc_serv struct.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
The sv_family field is going away. Instead of using sv_family, have
the svc_register() function take a protocol family argument.
Since this argument represents a protocol family, and not an address
family, this argument takes an int, as this is what is passed to
sock_create_kern(). Also make sure svc_register's helpers are
checking for PF_FOO instead of AF_FOO. The value of [AP]F_FOO are
equivalent; this is simply a symbolic change to reflect the semantics
of the value stored in that variable.
sock_create_kern() should return EPFNOSUPPORT if the passed-in
protocol family isn't supported, but it uses EAFNOSUPPORT for this
case. We will stick with that tradition here, as svc_register()
is called by the RPC server in the same path as sock_create_kern().
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Allow the NFSv4 server to make use of TCP autotuning behaviour, which
was previously disabled by setting the sk_userlocks variable.
Set the receive buffers to be big enough to receive the whole RPC
request, and set this for the listening socket, not the accept socket.
Remove the code that readjusts the receive/send buffer sizes for the
accepted socket. Previously this code was used to influence the TCP
window management behaviour, which is no longer needed when autotuning
is enabled.
This can improve IO bandwidth on networks with high bandwidth-delay
products, where a large tcp window is required. It also simplifies
performance tuning, since getting adequate tcp buffers previously
required increasing the number of nfsd threads.
Signed-off-by: Olga Kornievskaia <aglo@citi.umich.edu>
Cc: Jim Rees <rees@umich.edu>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
