rcu: Improve rcu_assign_pointer() and RCU_INIT_POINTER() documentation

The differences between rcu_assign_pointer() and RCU_INIT_POINTER() are
subtle, and it is easy to use the the cheaper RCU_INIT_POINTER() when
the more-expensive rcu_assign_pointer() should have been used instead.
The consequences of this mistake are quite severe.

This commit therefore carefully lays out the situations in which it it
permissible to use RCU_INIT_POINTER().

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

include/linux/rcupdate.h

@@ -754,11 +754,18 @@ static inline notrace void rcu_read_unlock_sched_notrace(void)
  * any prior initialization.  Returns the value assigned.
  *
  * Inserts memory barriers on architectures that require them
- * (pretty much all of them other than x86), and also prevents
+ * (which is most of them), and also prevents the compiler from
- * the compiler from reordering the code that initializes the
+ * reordering the code that initializes the structure after the pointer
- * structure after the pointer assignment.  More importantly, this
+ * assignment.  More importantly, this call documents which pointers
- * call documents which pointers will be dereferenced by RCU read-side
+ * will be dereferenced by RCU read-side code.
- * code.
+ *
+ * In some special cases, you may use RCU_INIT_POINTER() instead
+ * of rcu_assign_pointer().  RCU_INIT_POINTER() is a bit faster due
+ * to the fact that it does not constrain either the CPU or the compiler.
+ * That said, using RCU_INIT_POINTER() when you should have used
+ * rcu_assign_pointer() is a very bad thing that results in
+ * impossible-to-diagnose memory corruption.  So please be careful.
+ * See the RCU_INIT_POINTER() comment header for details.
  */
 #define rcu_assign_pointer(p, v) \
 	__rcu_assign_pointer((p), (v), __rcu)
@@ -766,8 +773,34 @@ static inline notrace void rcu_read_unlock_sched_notrace(void)
 /**
  * RCU_INIT_POINTER() - initialize an RCU protected pointer
  *
- * Initialize an RCU-protected pointer in such a way to avoid RCU-lockdep
+ * Initialize an RCU-protected pointer in special cases where readers
- * splats.
+ * do not need ordering constraints on the CPU or the compiler.  These
+ * special cases are:
+ *
+ * 1.	This use of RCU_INIT_POINTER() is NULLing out the pointer -or-
+ * 2.	The caller has taken whatever steps are required to prevent
+ *	RCU readers from concurrently accessing this pointer -or-
+ * 3.	The referenced data structure has already been exposed to
+ *	readers either at compile time or via rcu_assign_pointer() -and-
+ *	a.	You have not made -any- reader-visible changes to
+ *		this structure since then -or-
+ *	b.	It is OK for readers accessing this structure from its
+ *		new location to see the old state of the structure.  (For
+ *		example, the changes were to statistical counters or to
+ *		other state where exact synchronization is not required.)
+ *
+ * Failure to follow these rules governing use of RCU_INIT_POINTER() will
+ * result in impossible-to-diagnose memory corruption.  As in the structures
+ * will look OK in crash dumps, but any concurrent RCU readers might
+ * see pre-initialized values of the referenced data structure.  So
+ * please be very careful how you use RCU_INIT_POINTER()!!!
+ *
+ * If you are creating an RCU-protected linked structure that is accessed
+ * by a single external-to-structure RCU-protected pointer, then you may
+ * use RCU_INIT_POINTER() to initialize the internal RCU-protected
+ * pointers, but you must use rcu_assign_pointer() to initialize the
+ * external-to-structure pointer -after- you have completely initialized
+ * the reader-accessible portions of the linked structure.
  */
 #define RCU_INIT_POINTER(p, v) \
 		p = (typeof(*v) __force __rcu *)(v)