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Fix spelling mistakes in the documentation. Signed-off-by: Saurav Shah <sauravshah.31@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240501233659.25441-1-sauravshah.31@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
252 lines
14 KiB
ReStructuredText
252 lines
14 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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==========================
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Fprobe-based Event Tracing
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==========================
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.. Author: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
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Overview
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--------
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Fprobe event is similar to the kprobe event, but limited to probe on
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the function entry and exit only. It is good enough for many use cases
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which only traces some specific functions.
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This document also covers tracepoint probe events (tprobe) since this
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is also works only on the tracepoint entry. User can trace a part of
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tracepoint argument, or the tracepoint without trace-event, which is
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not exposed on tracefs.
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As same as other dynamic events, fprobe events and tracepoint probe
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events are defined via `dynamic_events` interface file on tracefs.
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Synopsis of fprobe-events
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-------------------------
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::
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f[:[GRP1/][EVENT1]] SYM [FETCHARGS] : Probe on function entry
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f[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP1/][EVENT1]] SYM%return [FETCHARGS] : Probe on function exit
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t[:[GRP2/][EVENT2]] TRACEPOINT [FETCHARGS] : Probe on tracepoint
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GRP1 : Group name for fprobe. If omitted, use "fprobes" for it.
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GRP2 : Group name for tprobe. If omitted, use "tracepoints" for it.
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EVENT1 : Event name for fprobe. If omitted, the event name is
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"SYM__entry" or "SYM__exit".
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EVENT2 : Event name for tprobe. If omitted, the event name is
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the same as "TRACEPOINT", but if the "TRACEPOINT" starts
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with a digit character, "_TRACEPOINT" is used.
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MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
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can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
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as defined in Documentation/trace/fprobe.rst
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FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
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ARG : Fetch "ARG" function argument using BTF (only for function
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entry or tracepoint.) (\*1)
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@ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
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@SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
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$stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
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$stack : Fetch stack address.
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$argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*2)
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$retval : Fetch return value.(\*3)
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$comm : Fetch current task comm.
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+|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- OFFS address.(\*4)(\*5)
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\IMM : Store an immediate value to the argument.
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NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
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FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
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(u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
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(x8/x16/x32/x64), "char", "string", "ustring", "symbol", "symstr"
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and bitfield are supported.
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(\*1) This is available only when BTF is enabled.
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(\*2) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0). Note, this argument access
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is best effort, because depending on the argument type, it may be passed on
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the stack. But this only support the arguments via registers.
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(\*3) only for return probe. Note that this is also best effort. Depending on the
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return value type, it might be passed via a pair of registers. But this only
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accesses one register.
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(\*4) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
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(\*5) "u" means user-space dereference.
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For the details of TYPE, see :ref:`kprobetrace documentation <kprobetrace_types>`.
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Function arguments at exit
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--------------------------
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Function arguments can be accessed at exit probe using $arg<N> fetcharg. This
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is useful to record the function parameter and return value at once, and
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trace the difference of structure fields (for debugging a function whether it
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correctly updates the given data structure or not)
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See the :ref:`sample<fprobetrace_exit_args_sample>` below for how it works.
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BTF arguments
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-------------
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BTF (BPF Type Format) argument allows user to trace function and tracepoint
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parameters by its name instead of ``$argN``. This feature is available if the
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kernel is configured with CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL and CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF.
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If user only specify the BTF argument, the event's argument name is also
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automatically set by the given name. ::
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# echo 'f:myprobe vfs_read count pos' >> dynamic_events
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# cat dynamic_events
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f:fprobes/myprobe vfs_read count=count pos=pos
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It also chooses the fetch type from BTF information. For example, in the above
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example, the ``count`` is unsigned long, and the ``pos`` is a pointer. Thus,
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both are converted to 64bit unsigned long, but only ``pos`` has "%Lx"
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print-format as below ::
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# cat events/fprobes/myprobe/format
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name: myprobe
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ID: 1313
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format:
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field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
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field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
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field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1; signed:0;
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field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
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field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:8; size:8; signed:0;
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field:u64 count; offset:16; size:8; signed:0;
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field:u64 pos; offset:24; size:8; signed:0;
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print fmt: "(%lx) count=%Lu pos=0x%Lx", REC->__probe_ip, REC->count, REC->pos
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If user unsures the name of arguments, ``$arg*`` will be helpful. The ``$arg*``
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is expanded to all function arguments of the function or the tracepoint. ::
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# echo 'f:myprobe vfs_read $arg*' >> dynamic_events
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# cat dynamic_events
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f:fprobes/myprobe vfs_read file=file buf=buf count=count pos=pos
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BTF also affects the ``$retval``. If user doesn't set any type, the retval
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type is automatically picked from the BTF. If the function returns ``void``,
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``$retval`` is rejected.
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You can access the data fields of a data structure using allow operator ``->``
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(for pointer type) and dot operator ``.`` (for data structure type.)::
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# echo 't sched_switch preempt prev_pid=prev->pid next_pid=next->pid' >> dynamic_events
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The field access operators, ``->`` and ``.`` can be combined for accessing deeper
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members and other structure members pointed by the member. e.g. ``foo->bar.baz->qux``
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If there is non-name union member, you can directly access it as the C code does.
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For example::
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struct {
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union {
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int a;
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int b;
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};
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} *foo;
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To access ``a`` and ``b``, use ``foo->a`` and ``foo->b`` in this case.
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This data field access is available for the return value via ``$retval``,
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e.g. ``$retval->name``.
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For these BTF arguments and fields, ``:string`` and ``:ustring`` change the
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behavior. If these are used for BTF argument or field, it checks whether
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the BTF type of the argument or the data field is ``char *`` or ``char []``,
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or not. If not, it rejects applying the string types. Also, with the BTF
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support, you don't need a memory dereference operator (``+0(PTR)``) for
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accessing the string pointed by a ``PTR``. It automatically adds the memory
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dereference operator according to the BTF type. e.g. ::
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# echo 't sched_switch prev->comm:string' >> dynamic_events
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# echo 'f getname_flags%return $retval->name:string' >> dynamic_events
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The ``prev->comm`` is an embedded char array in the data structure, and
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``$retval->name`` is a char pointer in the data structure. But in both
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cases, you can use ``:string`` type to get the string.
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Usage examples
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--------------
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Here is an example to add fprobe events on ``vfs_read()`` function entry
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and exit, with BTF arguments.
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::
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# echo 'f vfs_read $arg*' >> dynamic_events
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# echo 'f vfs_read%return $retval' >> dynamic_events
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# cat dynamic_events
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f:fprobes/vfs_read__entry vfs_read file=file buf=buf count=count pos=pos
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f:fprobes/vfs_read__exit vfs_read%return arg1=$retval
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# echo 1 > events/fprobes/enable
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# head -n 20 trace | tail
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# TASK-PID CPU# ||||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
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# | | | ||||| | |
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sh-70 [000] ...1. 335.883195: vfs_read__entry: (vfs_read+0x4/0x340) file=0xffff888005cf9a80 buf=0x7ffef36c6879 count=1 pos=0xffffc900005aff08
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sh-70 [000] ..... 335.883208: vfs_read__exit: (ksys_read+0x75/0x100 <- vfs_read) arg1=1
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sh-70 [000] ...1. 335.883220: vfs_read__entry: (vfs_read+0x4/0x340) file=0xffff888005cf9a80 buf=0x7ffef36c6879 count=1 pos=0xffffc900005aff08
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sh-70 [000] ..... 335.883224: vfs_read__exit: (ksys_read+0x75/0x100 <- vfs_read) arg1=1
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sh-70 [000] ...1. 335.883232: vfs_read__entry: (vfs_read+0x4/0x340) file=0xffff888005cf9a80 buf=0x7ffef36c687a count=1 pos=0xffffc900005aff08
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sh-70 [000] ..... 335.883237: vfs_read__exit: (ksys_read+0x75/0x100 <- vfs_read) arg1=1
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sh-70 [000] ...1. 336.050329: vfs_read__entry: (vfs_read+0x4/0x340) file=0xffff888005cf9a80 buf=0x7ffef36c6879 count=1 pos=0xffffc900005aff08
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sh-70 [000] ..... 336.050343: vfs_read__exit: (ksys_read+0x75/0x100 <- vfs_read) arg1=1
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You can see all function arguments and return values are recorded as signed int.
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Also, here is an example of tracepoint events on ``sched_switch`` tracepoint.
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To compare the result, this also enables the ``sched_switch`` traceevent too.
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::
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# echo 't sched_switch $arg*' >> dynamic_events
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# echo 1 > events/sched/sched_switch/enable
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# echo 1 > events/tracepoints/sched_switch/enable
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# echo > trace
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# head -n 20 trace | tail
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# TASK-PID CPU# ||||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
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# | | | ||||| | |
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sh-70 [000] d..2. 3912.083993: sched_switch: prev_comm=sh prev_pid=70 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/0 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
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sh-70 [000] d..3. 3912.083995: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) preempt=0 prev=0xffff88800664e100 next=0xffffffff828229c0 prev_state=1
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<idle>-0 [000] d..2. 3912.084183: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/0 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=rcu_preempt next_pid=16 next_prio=120
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<idle>-0 [000] d..3. 3912.084184: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) preempt=0 prev=0xffffffff828229c0 next=0xffff888004208000 prev_state=0
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rcu_preempt-16 [000] d..2. 3912.084196: sched_switch: prev_comm=rcu_preempt prev_pid=16 prev_prio=120 prev_state=I ==> next_comm=swapper/0 next_pid=0 next_prio=120
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rcu_preempt-16 [000] d..3. 3912.084196: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) preempt=0 prev=0xffff888004208000 next=0xffffffff828229c0 prev_state=1026
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<idle>-0 [000] d..2. 3912.085191: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/0 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=rcu_preempt next_pid=16 next_prio=120
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<idle>-0 [000] d..3. 3912.085191: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) preempt=0 prev=0xffffffff828229c0 next=0xffff888004208000 prev_state=0
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As you can see, the ``sched_switch`` trace-event shows *cooked* parameters, on
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the other hand, the ``sched_switch`` tracepoint probe event shows *raw*
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parameters. This means you can access any field values in the task
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structure pointed by the ``prev`` and ``next`` arguments.
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For example, usually ``task_struct::start_time`` is not traced, but with this
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traceprobe event, you can trace that field as below.
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::
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# echo 't sched_switch comm=next->comm:string next->start_time' > dynamic_events
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# head -n 20 trace | tail
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# TASK-PID CPU# ||||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
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# | | | ||||| | |
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sh-70 [000] d..3. 5606.686577: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="rcu_preempt" usage=1 start_time=245000000
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rcu_preempt-16 [000] d..3. 5606.686602: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="sh" usage=1 start_time=1596095526
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sh-70 [000] d..3. 5606.686637: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="swapper/0" usage=2 start_time=0
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<idle>-0 [000] d..3. 5606.687190: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="rcu_preempt" usage=1 start_time=245000000
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rcu_preempt-16 [000] d..3. 5606.687202: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="swapper/0" usage=2 start_time=0
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<idle>-0 [000] d..3. 5606.690317: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="kworker/0:1" usage=1 start_time=137000000
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kworker/0:1-14 [000] d..3. 5606.690339: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="swapper/0" usage=2 start_time=0
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<idle>-0 [000] d..3. 5606.692368: sched_switch: (__probestub_sched_switch+0x4/0x10) comm="kworker/0:1" usage=1 start_time=137000000
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.. _fprobetrace_exit_args_sample:
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The return probe allows us to access the results of some functions, which returns
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the error code and its results are passed via function parameter, such as an
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structure-initialization function.
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For example, vfs_open() will link the file structure to the inode and update
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mode. You can trace that changes with return probe.
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::
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# echo 'f vfs_open mode=file->f_mode:x32 inode=file->f_inode:x64' >> dynamic_events
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# echo 'f vfs_open%%return mode=file->f_mode:x32 inode=file->f_inode:x64' >> dynamic_events
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# echo 1 > events/fprobes/enable
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# cat trace
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sh-131 [006] ...1. 1945.714346: vfs_open__entry: (vfs_open+0x4/0x40) mode=0x2 inode=0x0
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sh-131 [006] ...1. 1945.714358: vfs_open__exit: (do_open+0x274/0x3d0 <- vfs_open) mode=0x4d801e inode=0xffff888008470168
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cat-143 [007] ...1. 1945.717949: vfs_open__entry: (vfs_open+0x4/0x40) mode=0x1 inode=0x0
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cat-143 [007] ...1. 1945.717956: vfs_open__exit: (do_open+0x274/0x3d0 <- vfs_open) mode=0x4a801d inode=0xffff888005f78d28
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cat-143 [007] ...1. 1945.720616: vfs_open__entry: (vfs_open+0x4/0x40) mode=0x1 inode=0x0
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cat-143 [007] ...1. 1945.728263: vfs_open__exit: (do_open+0x274/0x3d0 <- vfs_open) mode=0xa800d inode=0xffff888004ada8d8
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You can see the `file::f_mode` and `file::f_inode` are updated in `vfs_open()`.
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