This simplifies the RCU to refcounting code in particular.
I was originally intending to leave this for later, but walking through
all the dput() logic (see previous commit), I realized that the dput()
"might_sleep()" check was misleadingly weak. And I removed it as
misleading, both for performance profiling and for debugging.
However, the might_sleep() debugging case is actually true: the final
dput() can indeed sleep, if the inode of the dentry that you are
releasing ends up sleeping at iput time (see dentry_iput()). So the
problem with the might_sleep() in dput() wasn't that it wasn't true, it
was that it wasn't actually testing and triggering on the interesting
case.
In particular, just about *any* dput() can indeed sleep, if you happen
to race with another thread deleting the file in question, and you then
lose the race to the be the last dput() for that file. But because it's
a very rare race, the debugging code would never trigger it in practice.
Why is this problematic? The new d_rcu_to_refcount() (see commit
15570086b5: "vfs: reimplement d_rcu_to_refcount() using
lockref_get_or_lock()") does a dput() for the failure case, and it does
it under the RCU lock. So potentially sleeping really is a bug.
But there's no way I'm going to fix this with the previous complicated
"lockref_get_or_lock()" interface. And rather than revert to the old
and crufty nested dentry locking code (which did get this right by
delaying the reference count updates until they were verified to be
safe), let's make forward progress.
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is me being a bit OCD after all the dentry optimization work this
merge window: profiles end up showing 'dput()' as a rather expensive
operation, and there were two unrelated bad reasons for that.
The first reason was reading d_lockref.count for debugging purposes,
which touches the lockref cacheline (for reads) before really need to.
More importantly, the debugging test in question is _wrong_, and has
hidden bugs. It's true that we can only sleep when the count goes down
to zero, but the test as-is hides the much more subtle bug that happens
if we race with somebody else deleting the file.
Anyway we _will_ touch that cacheline, but let's do it for a write and
in the right routine (ie in "lockref_put_or_lock()") which annotates the
costs better. So remove the misleading debug code.
The other was an unnecessary access to the cacheline that contains the
d_lru list, just to check whether we already were on the LRU list or
not. This is exactly what we have d_flags for, so that we can avoid
touching extra cache lines for the common case. So just add another bit
for "is this dentry on the LRU".
Finally, mark the tests properly likely/unlikely, so that the common
fast-paths are dense in the instruction stream.
This makes the profiles look much saner.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We check submounts before doing d_drop() on a non-empty directory dentry in
NFS (have_submounts()), but we do not exclude a racing mount. Nor do we
prevent mounts to be added to the disconnected subtree using relative paths
after the d_drop().
This patch fixes these issues by checking for unlinked (unhashed, non-root)
ancestors before proceeding with the mount. This is done with rename
seqlock taken for write and with ->d_lock grabbed on each ancestor in turn,
including our dentry itself. This ensures that the only one of
check_submounts_and_drop() or has_unlinked_ancestor() can succeed.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We check submounts before doing d_drop() on a non-empty directory dentry in
NFS (have_submounts()), but we do not exclude a racing mount.
Process A: have_submounts() -> returns false
Process B: mount() -> success
Process A: d_drop()
This patch prepares the ground for the fix by doing the following
operations all under the same rename lock:
have_submounts()
shrink_dcache_parent()
d_drop()
This is actually an optimization since have_submounts() and
shrink_dcache_parent() both traverse the same dentry tree separately.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
CC: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
CC: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
CC: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
CC: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This one replaces three instances open coded tree walking (have_submounts,
select_parent, d_genocide) with a common helper.
In addition to slightly reducing the kernel size, this simplifies the
callers and makes them less bug prone.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
It shouldn't matter when we decrement the refcount during the walk as long
as we do it exactly once.
Restructure d_genocide() to do the killing on entering the dentry instead
of when leaving it. This helps creating a common helper for tree walking.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull vfs pile 1 from Al Viro:
"Unfortunately, this merge window it'll have a be a lot of small piles -
my fault, actually, for not keeping #for-next in anything that would
resemble a sane shape ;-/
This pile: assorted fixes (the first 3 are -stable fodder, IMO) and
cleanups + %pd/%pD formats (dentry/file pathname, up to 4 last
components) + several long-standing patches from various folks.
There definitely will be a lot more (starting with Miklos'
check_submount_and_drop() series)"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (26 commits)
direct-io: Handle O_(D)SYNC AIO
direct-io: Implement generic deferred AIO completions
add formats for dentry/file pathnames
kvm eventfd: switch to fdget
powerpc kvm: use fdget
switch fchmod() to fdget
switch epoll_ctl() to fdget
switch copy_module_from_fd() to fdget
git simplify nilfs check for busy subtree
ibmasmfs: don't bother passing superblock when not needed
don't pass superblock to hypfs_{mkdir,create*}
don't pass superblock to hypfs_diag_create_files
don't pass superblock to hypfs_vm_create_files()
oprofile: get rid of pointless forward declarations of struct super_block
oprofilefs_create_...() do not need superblock argument
oprofilefs_mkdir() doesn't need superblock argument
don't bother with passing superblock to oprofile_create_stats_files()
oprofile: don't bother with passing superblock to ->create_files()
don't bother passing sb to oprofile_create_files()
coh901318: don't open-code simple_read_from_buffer()
...
The d_prune dentry operation is used to notify filesystem when VFS
about to prune a hashed dentry from the dcache. There are three
code paths that prune dentries: shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree(),
prune_dcache_sb() and d_prune_aliases(). For the d_prune_aliases()
case, VFS unhashes the dentry first, then call the d_prune dentry
operation. This confuses ceph_d_prune() (ceph uses the d_prune
dentry operation to maintain a flag indicating whether the complete
contents of a directory are in the dcache, pruning unhashed dentry
does not affect dir's completeness)
This patch fixes the issue by calling the d_prune dentry operation
in d_prune_aliases(), before unhashing the dentry. Also make VFS
only call the d_prune dentry operation for hashed dentry, to avoid
calling the d_prune dentry operation twice when dentry is pruned
by d_prune_aliases().
Signed-off-by: Yan, Zheng <zheng.z.yan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This moves __d_rcu_to_refcount() from <linux/dcache.h> into fs/namei.c
and re-implements it using the lockref infrastructure instead. It also
adds a lot of comments about what is actually going on, because turning
a dentry that was looked up using RCU into a long-lived reference
counted entry is one of the more subtle parts of the rcu walk.
We also used to be _particularly_ subtle in unlazy_walk() where we
re-validate both the dentry and its parent using the same sequence
count. We used to do it by nesting the locks and then verifying the
sequence count just once.
That was silly, because nested locking is expensive, but the sequence
count check is not. So this just re-validates the dentry and the parent
separately, avoiding the nested locking, and making the lockref lookup
possible.
Acked-by: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A valid parent pointer is always going to have a non-zero reference
count, but if we look up the parent optimistically without locking, we
have to protect against the (very unlikely) race against renaming
changing the parent from under us.
We do that by using lockref_get_not_zero(), and then re-checking the
parent pointer after getting a valid reference.
[ This is a re-implementation of a chunk from the original patch by
Waiman Long: "dcache: Enable lockless update of dentry's refcount".
I've completely rewritten the patch-series and split it up, but I'm
attributing this part to Waiman as it's close enough to his earlier
patch - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This just replaces the dentry count/lock combination with the lockref
structure that contains both a count and a spinlock, and does the
mechanical conversion to use the lockref infrastructure.
There are no semantic changes here, it's purely syntactic. The
reference lockref implementation uses the spinlock exactly the same way
that the old dcache code did, and the bulk of this patch is just
expanding the internal "d_count" use in the dcache code to use
"d_lockref.count" instead.
This is purely preparation for the real change to make the reference
count updates be lockless during the 3.12 merge window.
[ As with the previous commit, this is a rewritten version of a concept
originally from Waiman, so credit goes to him, blame for any errors
goes to me.
Waiman's patch had some semantic differences for taking advantage of
the lockless update in dget_parent(), while this patch is
intentionally a pure search-and-replace change with no semantic
changes. - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
dynamic_dname() is both too much and too little for those - the
output may be well in excess of 64 bytes dynamic_dname() assumes
to be enough (thanks to ashmem feeding really long names to
shmem_file_setup()) and vsnprintf() is an overkill for those
guys.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull second set of VFS changes from Al Viro:
"Assorted f_pos race fixes, making do_splice_direct() safe to call with
i_mutex on parent, O_TMPFILE support, Jeff's locks.c series,
->d_hash/->d_compare calling conventions changes from Linus, misc
stuff all over the place."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (63 commits)
Document ->tmpfile()
ext4: ->tmpfile() support
vfs: export lseek_execute() to modules
lseek_execute() doesn't need an inode passed to it
block_dev: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
cpqphp_sysfs: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
tile-srom: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
proc_powerpc: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
ubi/cdev: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
pci/proc: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
isapnp: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
lpfc: switch to fixed_size_llseek()
locks: give the blocked_hash its own spinlock
locks: add a new "lm_owner_key" lock operation
locks: turn the blocked_list into a hashtable
locks: convert fl_link to a hlist_node
locks: avoid taking global lock if possible when waking up blocked waiters
locks: protect most of the file_lock handling with i_lock
locks: encapsulate the fl_link list handling
locks: make "added" in __posix_lock_file a bool
...
Instances either don't look at it at all (the majority of cases) or
only want it to find the superblock (which can be had as dentry->d_sb).
A few cases that want more are actually safe with dentry->d_inode -
the only precaution needed is the check that it hadn't been replaced with
NULL by rmdir() or by overwriting rename(), which case should be simply
treated as cache miss.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
the only remaining caller (in ncpfs) is guaranteed to return 0 -
we only hit it if we'd just checked that there's no dentry with
such name.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
I've restricted atomic_open to only operate on regular files, although
I still don't understand why atomic_open should not be possible also for
directories on GFS2. That can always be added in later though, if it
makes sense.
The ->atomic_open function can be passed negative dentries, which
in most cases means either ENOENT (->lookup) or a call to d_instantiate
(->create). In the GFS2 case though, we need to actually perform the
look up, since we do not know whether there has been a new inode created
on another node. The look up calls d_splice_alias which then tries to
rehash the dentry - so the solution here is to simply check for that
in d_splice_alias. The same issue is likely to affect any other cluster
filesystem implementing ->atomic_open
Signed-off-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields fieldses org>
Cc: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Using list_move() instead of list_del() + list_add().
Signed-off-by: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
When pruning a dentry, its ancestor dentry can also be pruned. But
the ancestor dentry does not go through dput(), so it does not get
put on the dentry LRU. Hence associating d_prune with removing the
dentry from the LRU is the wrong.
The fix is remove dentry_lru_prune(). Call file system's d_prune()
callback directly when pruning dentries.
Signed-off-by: Yan, Zheng <zheng.z.yan@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Call cond_resched() in shrink_dcache_parent() to maintain interactivity.
Before this patch:
void shrink_dcache_parent(struct dentry * parent)
{
while ((found = select_parent(parent, &dispose)) != 0)
shrink_dentry_list(&dispose);
}
select_parent() populates the dispose list with dentries which
shrink_dentry_list() then deletes. select_parent() carefully uses
need_resched() to avoid doing too much work at once. But neither
shrink_dcache_parent() nor its called functions call cond_resched(). So
once need_resched() is set select_parent() will return single dentry
dispose list which is then deleted by shrink_dentry_list(). This is
inefficient when there are a lot of dentry to process. This can cause
softlockup and hurts interactivity on non preemptable kernels.
This change adds cond_resched() in shrink_dcache_parent(). The benefit
of this is that need_resched() is quickly cleared so that future calls
to select_parent() are able to efficiently return a big batch of dentry.
These additional cond_resched() do not seem to impact performance, at
least for the workload below.
Here is a program which can cause soft lockup if other system activity
sets need_resched().
int main()
{
struct rlimit rlim;
int i;
int f[100000];
char buf[20];
struct timeval t1, t2;
double diff;
/* cleanup past run */
system("rm -rf x");
/* boost nfile rlimit */
rlim.rlim_cur = 200000;
rlim.rlim_max = 200000;
if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim))
err(1, "setrlimit");
/* make directory for files */
if (mkdir("x", 0700))
err(1, "mkdir");
if (gettimeofday(&t1, NULL))
err(1, "gettimeofday");
/* populate directory with open files */
for (i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "x/%d", i);
f[i] = open(buf, O_CREAT);
if (f[i] == -1)
err(1, "open");
}
/* close some of the files */
for (i = 0; i < 85000; i++)
close(f[i]);
/* unlink all files, even open ones */
system("rm -rf x");
if (gettimeofday(&t2, NULL))
err(1, "gettimeofday");
diff = (((double)t2.tv_sec * 1000000 + t2.tv_usec) -
((double)t1.tv_sec * 1000000 + t1.tv_usec));
printf("done: %g elapsed\n", diff/1e6);
return 0;
}
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... lest we get livelocks between path_is_under() and d_path() and friends.
The thing is, wrt fairness lglocks are more similar to rwsems than to rwlocks;
it is possible to have thread B spin on attempt to take lock shared while thread
A is already holding it shared, if B is on lower-numbered CPU than A and there's
a thread C spinning on attempt to take the same lock exclusive.
As the result, we need consistent ordering between vfsmount_lock (lglock) and
rename_lock (seq_lock), even though everything that takes both is going to take
vfsmount_lock only shared.
Spotted-by: Brad Spengler <spender@grsecurity.net>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
I'm not sure why, but the hlist for each entry iterators were conceived
list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)
The hlist ones were greedy and wanted an extra parameter:
hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, member)
Why did they need an extra pos parameter? I'm not quite sure. Not only
they don't really need it, it also prevents the iterator from looking
exactly like the list iterator, which is unfortunate.
Besides the semantic patch, there was some manual work required:
- Fix up the actual hlist iterators in linux/list.h
- Fix up the declaration of other iterators based on the hlist ones.
- A very small amount of places were using the 'node' parameter, this
was modified to use 'obj->member' instead.
- Coccinelle didn't handle the hlist_for_each_entry_safe iterator
properly, so those had to be fixed up manually.
The semantic patch which is mostly the work of Peter Senna Tschudin is here:
@@
iterator name hlist_for_each_entry, hlist_for_each_entry_continue, hlist_for_each_entry_from, hlist_for_each_entry_rcu, hlist_for_each_entry_rcu_bh, hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu_bh, for_each_busy_worker, ax25_uid_for_each, ax25_for_each, inet_bind_bucket_for_each, sctp_for_each_hentry, sk_for_each, sk_for_each_rcu, sk_for_each_from, sk_for_each_safe, sk_for_each_bound, hlist_for_each_entry_safe, hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu, nr_neigh_for_each, nr_neigh_for_each_safe, nr_node_for_each, nr_node_for_each_safe, for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp, for_each_gfn_sp, for_each_host;
type T;
expression a,c,d,e;
identifier b;
statement S;
@@
-T b;
<+... when != b
(
hlist_for_each_entry(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_from(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu_bh(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu_bh(a,
- b,
c) S
|
for_each_busy_worker(a, c,
- b,
d) S
|
ax25_uid_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
ax25_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
inet_bind_bucket_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sctp_for_each_hentry(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each_rcu(a,
- b,
c) S
|
sk_for_each_from
-(a, b)
+(a)
S
+ sk_for_each_from(a) S
|
sk_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
sk_for_each_bound(a,
- b,
c) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_safe(a,
- b,
c, d, e) S
|
hlist_for_each_entry_continue_rcu(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_neigh_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_neigh_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
nr_node_for_each(a,
- b,
c) S
|
nr_node_for_each_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
- for_each_gfn_sp(a, c, d, b) S
+ for_each_gfn_sp(a, c, d) S
|
- for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(a, c, d, b) S
+ for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(a, c, d) S
|
for_each_host(a,
- b,
c) S
|
for_each_host_safe(a,
- b,
c, d) S
|
for_each_mesh_entry(a,
- b,
c, d) S
)
...+>
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: drop bogus change from net/ipv4/raw.c]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: drop bogus hunk from net/ipv6/raw.c]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warnings]
[akpm@linux-foudnation.org: redo intrusive kvm changes]
Tested-by: Peter Senna Tschudin <peter.senna@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The following set of operations on a NFS client and server will cause
server# mkdir a
client# cd a
server# mv a a.bak
client# sleep 30 # (or whatever the dir attrcache timeout is)
client# stat .
stat: cannot stat `.': Stale NFS file handle
Obviously, we should not be getting an ESTALE error back there since the
inode still exists on the server. The problem is that the lookup code
will call d_revalidate on the dentry that "." refers to, because NFS has
FS_REVAL_DOT set.
nfs_lookup_revalidate will see that the parent directory has changed and
will try to reverify the dentry by redoing a LOOKUP. That of course
fails, so the lookup code returns ESTALE.
The problem here is that d_revalidate is really a bad fit for this case.
What we really want to know at this point is whether the inode is still
good or not, but we don't really care what name it goes by or whether
the dcache is still valid.
Add a new d_op->d_weak_revalidate operation and have complete_walk call
that instead of d_revalidate. The intent there is to allow for a
"weaker" d_revalidate that just checks to see whether the inode is still
good. This is also gives us an opportunity to kill off the FS_REVAL_DOT
special casing.
[AV: changed method name, added note in porting, fixed confusion re
having it possibly called from RCU mode (it won't be)]
Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* calling conventions change - ERR_PTR() is returned on ->d_hash() errors;
NULL is just for dcache miss now.
* exported, open-coded instances in ncpfs and cifs converted.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The last caller was removed >2 years ago in commit 7b2a69ba7.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
NFS appears to use d_obtain_alias() to create the root dentry rather than
d_make_root. This can cause 'prepend_path()' to complain that the root
has a weird name if an NFS filesystem is lazily unmounted. e.g. if
"/mnt" is an NFS mount then
{ cd /mnt; umount -l /mnt ; ls -l /proc/self/cwd; }
will cause a WARN message like
WARNING: at /home/git/linux/fs/dcache.c:2624 prepend_path+0x1d7/0x1e0()
...
Root dentry has weird name <>
to appear in kernel logs.
So change d_obtain_alias() to use "/" rather than "" as the anonymous
name.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The code that relied on that flag was ripped out of btrfs quite some
time ago, and never added back. Josef indicated that he was going to
take a different approach to the problem in btrfs, and that we
could just eliminate this flag.
Cc: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull vfs update from Al Viro:
- big one - consolidation of descriptor-related logics; almost all of
that is moved to fs/file.c
(BTW, I'm seriously tempted to rename the result to fd.c. As it is,
we have a situation when file_table.c is about handling of struct
file and file.c is about handling of descriptor tables; the reasons
are historical - file_table.c used to be about a static array of
struct file we used to have way back).
A lot of stray ends got cleaned up and converted to saner primitives,
disgusting mess in android/binder.c is still disgusting, but at least
doesn't poke so much in descriptor table guts anymore. A bunch of
relatively minor races got fixed in process, plus an ext4 struct file
leak.
- related thing - fget_light() partially unuglified; see fdget() in
there (and yes, it generates the code as good as we used to have).
- also related - bits of Cyrill's procfs stuff that got entangled into
that work; _not_ all of it, just the initial move to fs/proc/fd.c and
switch of fdinfo to seq_file.
- Alex's fs/coredump.c spiltoff - the same story, had been easier to
take that commit than mess with conflicts. The rest is a separate
pile, this was just a mechanical code movement.
- a few misc patches all over the place. Not all for this cycle,
there'll be more (and quite a few currently sit in akpm's tree)."
Fix up trivial conflicts in the android binder driver, and some fairly
simple conflicts due to two different changes to the sock_alloc_file()
interface ("take descriptor handling from sock_alloc_file() to callers"
vs "net: Providing protocol type via system.sockprotoname xattr of
/proc/PID/fd entries" adding a dentry name to the socket)
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (72 commits)
MAX_LFS_FILESIZE should be a loff_t
compat: fs: Generic compat_sys_sendfile implementation
fs: push rcu_barrier() from deactivate_locked_super() to filesystems
btrfs: reada_extent doesn't need kref for refcount
coredump: move core dump functionality into its own file
coredump: prevent double-free on an error path in core dumper
usb/gadget: fix misannotations
fcntl: fix misannotations
ceph: don't abuse d_delete() on failure exits
hypfs: ->d_parent is never NULL or negative
vfs: delete surplus inode NULL check
switch simple cases of fget_light to fdget
new helpers: fdget()/fdput()
switch o2hb_region_dev_write() to fget_light()
proc_map_files_readdir(): don't bother with grabbing files
make get_file() return its argument
vhost_set_vring(): turn pollstart/pollstop into bool
switch prctl_set_mm_exe_file() to fget_light()
switch xfs_find_handle() to fget_light()
switch xfs_swapext() to fget_light()
...
IBM reported a deadlock in select_parent(). This was found to be caused
by taking rename_lock when already locked when restarting the tree
traversal.
There are two cases when the traversal needs to be restarted:
1) concurrent d_move(); this can only happen when not already locked,
since taking rename_lock protects against concurrent d_move().
2) racing with final d_put() on child just at the moment of ascending
to parent; rename_lock doesn't protect against this rare race, so it
can happen when already locked.
Because of case 2, we need to be able to handle restarting the traversal
when rename_lock is already held. This patch fixes all three callers of
try_to_ascend().
IBM reported that the deadlock is gone with this patch.
[ I rewrote the patch to be smaller and just do the "goto again" if the
lock was already held, but credit goes to Miklos for the real work.
- Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
"Search list for X" sounds like you're trying to find X on a list.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Each iteration of d_delete we reload inode from dentry->d_inode and
then call S_ISDIR(inode-i_mode), so inode cannot possibly be NULL
shortly afterwards unless something went horribly wrong.
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
IBM reported a soft lockup after applying the fix for the rename_lock
deadlock. Commit c83ce989cb ("VFS: Fix the nfs sillyrename regression
in kernel 2.6.38") was found to be the culprit.
The nfs sillyrename fix used DCACHE_DISCONNECTED to indicate that the
dentry was killed. This flag can be set on non-killed dentries too,
which results in infinite retries when trying to traverse the dentry
tree.
This patch introduces a separate flag: DCACHE_DENTRY_KILLED, which is
only set in d_kill() and makes try_to_ascend() test only this flag.
IBM reported successful test results with this patch.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
it's enough to set ->mnt_ns of internal vfsmounts to something
distinct from all struct mnt_namespace out there; then we can
just use the check for ->mnt_ns != NULL in the fast path of
mntput_no_expire()
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This reverts commit 7732a557b1 (and commit
3f50fff4da, which was a follow-up
cleanup).
We're chasing an elusive bug that Dave Jones can apparently reproduce
using his system call fuzzer tool, and that looks like some kind of
locking ordering problem on the directory i_mutex chain. Our i_mutex
locking is rather complex, and depends on the topological ordering of
the directories, which is why we have been very wary of splicing
directory entries around.
Of course, we really don't want to ever see aliased unconnected
directories anyway, so none of this should ever happen, but this revert
aims to basically get us back to a known older state.
Bruce points to some of the previous discussion at
http://marc.info/?i=<20110310105821.GE22723@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
and in particular a long post from Neil:
http://marc.info/?i=<20110311150749.2fa2be66@notabene.brown>
It should be noted that it's possible that Dave's problems come from
other changes altohgether, including possibly just the fact that Dave
constantly is teachning his fuzzer new tricks. So what appears to be a
new bug could in fact be an old one that just gets newly triggered, but
reverting these patches as "still under heavy discussion" is the right
thing regardless.
Requested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nobody sets want_disconn any more.
Reported-by: Peng Tao <bergwolf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
A directory should never have more than one dentry pointing to it.
But d_splice_alias() will add one if it finds a directory with an
already-existing non-DISCONNECTED dentry.
I can't find an obvious reproducer, but I also can't see what prevents
d_splice_alias() from encountering such a case.
It therefore seems safest to allow d_splice_alias to use any dentry it
finds.
(Prior to the removal of dentry_unhash() from vfs_rmdir(), around v3.0,
this could cause an nfsd deadlock like this:
- Somebody attempts to remove a non-empty directory.
- The dentry_unhash() in vfs_rmdir() unhashes the dentry
pointing to the non-empty directory.
- ->rmdir() then fails with -ENOTEMPTY
- Before the vfs_rmdir() caller reaches dput(), an nfsd process
in rename looks up the directory by filehandle; at the end of
that lookup, this dentry is found by d_alloc_anon(), and a
reference is taken on it, preventing dput() from removing it.
- A regular lookup of the directory calls d_splice_alias(),
finds only an unhashed (not a DISCONNECTED) dentry, and
insteads adds a new one, so the directory now has two
dentries.
- The nfsd process in rename, which was previously looking up
the source directory of the rename, now looks up the target
directory (which is the same), and gets the dentry newly
created by the previous lookup.
- The rename, seeing two different dentries, assumes this is a
cross-directory rename and attempts to take the i_mutex on the
directory twice.
That reproducer no longer exists, but I don't think there was anything
fundamentally incorrect about the vfs_rmdir() behavior there, so I think
the real fault was here in d_splice_alias().)
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
lglocks and brlocks are currently generated with some complicated macros
in lglock.h. But there's no reason to not just use common utility
functions and put all the data into a common data structure.
In preparation, this patch changes the API to look more like normal
function calls with pointers, not magic macros.
The patch is rather large because I move over all users in one go to keep
it bisectable. This impacts the VFS somewhat in terms of lines changed.
But no actual behaviour change.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
UDP stack needs a minimum hash size value for proper operation and also
uses alloc_large_system_hash() for proper NUMA distribution of its hash
tables and automatic sizing depending on available system memory.
On some low memory situations, udp_table_init() must ignore the
alloc_large_system_hash() result and reallocs a bigger memory area.
As we cannot easily free old hash table, we leak it and kmemleak can
issue a warning.
This patch adds a low limit parameter to alloc_large_system_hash() to
solve this problem.
We then specify UDP_HTABLE_SIZE_MIN for UDP/UDPLite hash table
allocation.
Reported-by: Mark Asselstine <mark.asselstine@windriver.com>
Reported-by: Tim Bird <tim.bird@am.sony.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This reverts commit 8c01a529b8.
It turns out the d_unhashed() check isn't unnecessary after all: while
it's true that unhashing will increment the sequence numbers, that does
not necessarily invalidate the RCU lookup, because it might have seen
the dentry pointer (before it got unhashed), but by the time it loaded
the sequence number, it could have seen the *new* sequence number (after
it got unhashed).
End result: we might look up an unhashed dentry that is about to be
freed, with the sequence number never indicating anything bad about it.
So checking that the dentry is still hashed (*after* reading the sequence
number) is indeed the proper fix, and was never unnecessary.
Reported-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Miklos Szeredi points out that we need to also worry about memory
odering when doing the dentry name comparison asynchronously with RCU.
In particular, doing a rename can do a memcpy() of one dentry name over
another, and we want to make sure that any unlocked reader will always
see the proper terminating NUL character, so that it won't ever run off
the allocation.
Rather than having to be extra careful with the name copy or at lookup
time for each character, this resolves the issue by making sure that all
names that are inlined in the dentry always have a NUL character at the
end of the name allocation. If we do that at dentry allocation time, we
know that no future name copy will ever change that final NUL to
anything else, so there are no memory ordering issues.
So even if a concurrent rename ends up overwriting the NUL character
that terminates the original name, we always know that there is one
final NUL at the end, and there is no worry about the lockless RCU
lookup traversing the name too far.
The out-of-line allocations are never copied over, so we can just make
sure that we write the name (with terminating NULL) and do a write
barrier before we expose the name to anything else by setting it in the
dentry.
Reported-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This allows comparing hash and len in one operation on 64-bit
architectures. Right now only __d_lookup_rcu() takes advantage of this,
since that is the case we care most about.
The use of anonymous struct/unions hides the alternate 64-bit approach
from most users, the exception being a few cases where we initialize a
'struct qstr' with a static initializer. This makes the problematic
cases use a new QSTR_INIT() helper function for that (but initializing
just the name pointer with a "{ .name = xyzzy }" initializer remains
valid, as does just copying another qstr structure).
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All callers do want to check the dentry length, but some of them can
check the length and the hash together, so doing it in dentry_cmp() can
be counter-productive.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 12f8ad4b05 ("vfs: clean up __d_lookup_rcu() and dentry_cmp()
interfaces") did the careful ACCESS_ONCE() of the dentry name only for
the word-at-a-time case, even though the issue is generic.
Admittedly I don't really see gcc ever reloading the value in the middle
of the loop, so the ACCESS_ONCE() protects us from a fairly theoretical
issue. But better safe than sorry.
Also, this consolidates the common parts of the word-at-a-time and
bytewise logic, which includes checking the length. We'll be changing
that later.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The check for d_unhashed() is not strictly incorrect, but at the same
time it is also not sensible. The actual dentry removal from the dentry
hash chains is totally asynchronous to the __d_lookup_rcu() logic, and
we depend on __d_drop() updating the sequence number to invalidate any
lookup of an unhashed dentry.
So checking d_unhashed() is not incorrect, but it's not useful either:
the code has to work correctly even without it. So just remove it.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The calling conventions for __d_lookup_rcu() and dentry_cmp() are
annoying in different ways, and there is actually one single underlying
reason for both of the annoyances.
The fundamental reason is that we do the returned dentry sequence number
check inside __d_lookup_rcu() instead of doing it in the caller. This
results in two annoyances:
- __d_lookup_rcu() now not only needs to return the dentry and the
sequence number that goes along with the lookup, it also needs to
return the inode pointer that was validated by that sequence number
check.
- and because we did the sequence number check early (to validate the
name pointer and length) we also couldn't just pass the dentry itself
to dentry_cmp(), we had to pass the counted string that contained the
name.
So that sequence number decision caused two separate ugly calling
conventions.
Both of these problems would be solved if we just did the sequence
number check in the caller instead. There's only one caller, and that
caller already has to do the sequence number check for the parent
anyway, so just do that.
That allows us to stop returning the dentry->d_inode in that in-out
argument (pointer-to-pointer-to-inode), so we can make the inode
argument just a regular input inode pointer. The caller can just load
the inode from dentry->d_inode, and then do the sequence number check
after that to make sure that it's synchronized with the name we looked
up.
And it allows us to just pass in the dentry to dentry_cmp(), which is
what all the callers really wanted. Sure, dentry_cmp() has to be a bit
careful about the dentry (which is not stable during RCU lookup), but
that's actually very simple.
And now that dentry_cmp() can clearly see that the first string argument
is a dentry, we can use the direct word access for that, instead of the
careful unaligned zero-padding. The dentry name is always properly
aligned, since it is a single path component that is either embedded
into the dentry itself, or was allocated with kmalloc() (see __d_alloc).
Finally, this also uninlines the nasty slow-case for dentry comparisons:
that one *does* need to do a sequence number check, since it will call
in to the low-level filesystems, and we want to give those a stable
inode pointer and path component length/start arguments. Doing an extra
sequence check for that slow case is not a problem, though.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It turns out that there are more cases than CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC that
can have holes in the kernel address space: it seems to happen easily
with Xen, and it looks like the AMD gart64 code will also punch holes
dynamically.
Actually hitting that case is still very unlikely, so just do the
access, and take an exception and fix it up for the very unlikely case
of it being a page-crosser with no next page.
And hey, this abstraction might even help other architectures that have
other issues with unaligned word accesses than the possible missing next
page. IOW, this could do the byte order magic too.
Peter Anvin fixed a thinko in the shifting for the exception case.
Reported-and-tested-by: Jana Saout <jana@saout.de>
Cc: Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In d_materialise_unique() there are 3 subcases to the 'aliased dentry'
case; in two subcases the inode i_lock is properly released but this
does not occur in the -ELOOP subcase.
This seems to have been introduced by commit 1836750115 ("fix loop
checks in d_materialise_unique()").
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v3.0+
[ Added a comment, and moved the unlock to where we generate the -ELOOP,
which seems to be more natural.
You probably can't actually trigger this without a buggy network file
server - d_materialize_unique() is for finding aliases on non-local
filesystems, and the d_ancestor() case is for a hardlinked directory
loop.
But we should be robust in the case of such buggy servers anyway. ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
"[PATCH 0/3] RFC - module.h usage cleanups in fs/ and lib/"
https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/2/29/589
--
Fix up files in fs/ and lib/ dirs to only use module.h if they really
need it.
These are trivial in scope vs. the work done previously. We now have
things where any few remaining cleanups can be farmed out to arch or
subsystem maintainers, and I have done so when possible. What is
remaining here represents the bits that don't clearly lie within a
single arch/subsystem boundary, like the fs dir and the lib dir.
Some duplicate includes arising from overlapping fixes from
independent subsystem maintainer submissions are also quashed.
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Merge tag 'module-for-3.4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulg/linux
Pull cleanup of fs/ and lib/ users of module.h from Paul Gortmaker:
"Fix up files in fs/ and lib/ dirs to only use module.h if they really
need it.
These are trivial in scope vs the work done previously. We now have
things where any few remaining cleanups can be farmed out to arch or
subsystem maintainers, and I have done so when possible. What is
remaining here represents the bits that don't clearly lie within a
single arch/subsystem boundary, like the fs dir and the lib dir.
Some duplicate includes arising from overlapping fixes from
independent subsystem maintainer submissions are also quashed."
Fix up trivial conflicts due to clashes with other include file cleanups
(including some due to the previous bug.h cleanup pull).
* tag 'module-for-3.4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulg/linux:
lib: reduce the use of module.h wherever possible
fs: reduce the use of module.h wherever possible
includecheck: delete any duplicate instances of module.h
Fix kernel-doc warnings in fs/dcache.c:
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1743): No description found for parameter 'seqp'
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1743): Excess function parameter 'seq' description in '__d_lookup_rcu'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull vfs pile 1 from Al Viro:
"This is _not_ all; in particular, Miklos' and Jan's stuff is not there
yet."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (64 commits)
ext4: initialization of ext4_li_mtx needs to be done earlier
debugfs-related mode_t whack-a-mole
hfsplus: add an ioctl to bless files
hfsplus: change finder_info to u32
hfsplus: initialise userflags
qnx4: new helper - try_extent()
qnx4: get rid of qnx4_bread/qnx4_getblk
take removal of PF_FORKNOEXEC to flush_old_exec()
trim includes in inode.c
um: uml_dup_mmap() relies on ->mmap_sem being held, but activate_mm() doesn't hold it
um: embed ->stub_pages[] into mmu_context
gadgetfs: list_for_each_safe() misuse
ocfs2: fix leaks on failure exits in module_init
ecryptfs: make register_filesystem() the last potential failure exit
ntfs: forgets to unregister sysctls on register_filesystem() failure
logfs: missing cleanup on register_filesystem() failure
jfs: mising cleanup on register_filesystem() failure
make configfs_pin_fs() return root dentry on success
configfs: configfs_create_dir() has parent dentry in dentry->d_parent
configfs: sanitize configfs_create()
...
* branch 'dcache-word-accesses':
vfs: use 'unsigned long' accesses for dcache name comparison and hashing
This does the name hashing and lookup using word-sized accesses when
that is efficient, namely on x86 (although any little-endian machine
with good unaligned accesses would do).
It does very much depend on little-endian logic, but it's a very hot
couple of functions under some real loads, and this patch improves the
performance of __d_lookup_rcu() and link_path_walk() by up to about 30%.
Giving a 10% improvement on some very pathname-heavy benchmarks.
Because we do make unaligned accesses past the filename, the
optimization is disabled when CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is active, and we
effectively depend on the fact that on x86 we don't really ever have the
last page of usable RAM followed immediately by any IO memory (due to
ACPI tables, BIOS buffer areas etc).
Some of the bit operations we do are a bit "subtle". It's commented,
but you do need to really think about the code. Or just consider it
black magic.
Thanks to people on G+ for some of the optimized bit tricks.
For some odd historical reason, the final mixing round for the dentry
cache hash table lookup had an insane "xor with big constant" logic. In
two places.
The big constant that is being xor'ed is GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME, which is a
fairly random-looking number that is designed to be *multiplied* with so
that the bits get spread out over a whole long-word.
But xor'ing with it is insane. It doesn't really even change the hash -
it really only shifts the hash around in the hash table. To make
matters worse, the insane big constant is different on 32-bit and 64-bit
builds, even though the name hash bits we use are always 32-bit (and the
bits from the pointer we mix in effectively are too).
It's all total voodoo programming, in other words.
Now, some testing and analysis of the hash chains shows that the rest of
the hash function seems to be fairly good. It does pick the right bits
of the parent dentry pointer, for example, and while it's generally a
bad idea to use an xor to mix down the upper bits (because if there is a
repeating pattern, the xor can cause "destructive interference"), it
seems to not have been a disaster.
For example, replacing the hash with the normal "hash_long()" code (that
uses the GOLDEN_RATIO_PRIME constant correctly, btw) actually just makes
the hash worse. The hand-picked hash knew which bits of the pointer had
the highest entropy, and hash_long() ends up mixing bits less optimally
at least in some trivial tests.
So the hash function overall seems fine, it just has that really odd
"shift result around by a constant xor".
So get rid of the silly xor, and replace the down-mixing of the bits
with an add instead of an xor that tends to not have the same kind of
destructive interference issues. Some stats on the resulting hash
chains shows that they look statistically identical before and after,
but the code is simpler and no longer makes you go "WTF?".
Also, the incoming hash really is just "unsigned int", not a long, and
there's no real point to worry about the high 26 bits of the dentry
pointer for the 64-bit case, because they are all going to be identical
anyway.
So also change the hashing to be done in the more natural 'unsigned int'
that is the real size of the actual hashed data anyway.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ok, this is hacky, and only works on little-endian machines with goo
unaligned handling. And even then only with CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
disabled, since it can access up to 7 bytes after the pathname.
But it runs like a bat out of hell.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's only used inside fs/dcache.c, and we're going to play games with it
for the word-at-a-time patches. This time we really don't even want to
export it, because it really is an internal function to fs/dcache.c, and
has been since it was introduced.
Having it in that extremely hot header file (it's included in pretty
much everything, thanks to <linux/fs.h>) is a disaster for testing
different versions, and is utterly pointless.
We really should have some kind of header file diet thing, where we
figure out which parts of header files are really better off private and
only result in more expensive compiles.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
These don't change any semantics, but they clean up the code a bit and
mark some arguments appropriately 'const'.
They came up as I was doing the word-at-a-time dcache name accessor
code, and cleaning this up now allows me to send out a smaller relevant
interesting patch for the experimental stuff.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For files only using THIS_MODULE and/or EXPORT_SYMBOL, map
them onto including export.h -- or if the file isn't even
using those, then just delete the include. Fix up any implicit
include dependencies that were being masked by module.h along
the way.
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
When the number of dentry cache hash table entries gets too high
(2147483648 entries), as happens by default on a 16TB system, use of a
signed integer in the dcache_init() initialization loop prevents the
dentry_hashtable from getting initialized, causing a panic in
__d_lookup(). Fix this in dcache_init() and similar areas.
Signed-off-by: Dimitri Sivanich <sivanich@sgi.com>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client:
ceph: ensure prealloc_blob is in place when removing xattr
rbd: initialize snap_rwsem in rbd_add()
ceph: enable/disable dentry complete flags via mount option
vfs: export symbol d_find_any_alias()
ceph: always initialize the dentry in open_root_dentry()
libceph: remove useless return value for osd_client __send_request()
ceph: avoid iput() while holding spinlock in ceph_dir_fsync
ceph: avoid useless dget/dput in encode_fh
ceph: dereference pointer after checking for NULL
crush: fix force for non-root TAKE
ceph: remove unnecessary d_fsdata conditional checks
ceph: Use kmemdup rather than duplicating its implementation
Fix up conflicts in fs/ceph/super.c (d_alloc_root() failure handling vs
always initialize the dentry in open_root_dentry)
Two (or more) concurrent calls of shrink_dcache_parent() on the same dentry may
cause shrink_dcache_parent() to loop forever.
Here's what appears to happen:
1 - CPU0: select_parent(P) finds C and puts it on dispose list, returns 1
2 - CPU1: select_parent(P) locks P->d_lock
3 - CPU0: shrink_dentry_list() locks C->d_lock
dentry_kill(C) tries to lock P->d_lock but fails, unlocks C->d_lock
4 - CPU1: select_parent(P) locks C->d_lock,
moves C from dispose list being processed on CPU0 to the new
dispose list, returns 1
5 - CPU0: shrink_dentry_list() finds dispose list empty, returns
6 - Goto 2 with CPU0 and CPU1 switched
Basically select_parent() steals the dentry from shrink_dentry_list() and thinks
it found a new one, causing shrink_dentry_list() to think it's making progress
and loop over and over.
One way to trigger this is to make udev calls stat() on the sysfs file while it
is going away.
Having a file in /lib/udev/rules.d/ with only this one rule seems to the trick:
ATTR{vendor}=="0x8086", ATTR{device}=="0x10ca", ENV{PCI_SLOT_NAME}="%k", ENV{MATCHADDR}="$attr{address}", RUN+="/bin/true"
Then execute the following loop:
while true; do
echo -bond0 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
echo +bond0 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
echo -bond1 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
echo +bond1 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
done
One fix would be to check all callers and prevent concurrent calls to
shrink_dcache_parent(). But I think a better solution is to stop the
stealing behavior.
This patch adds a new dentry flag that is set when the dentry is added to the
dispose list. The flag is cleared in dentry_lru_del() in case the dentry gets a
new reference just before being pruned.
If the dentry has this flag, select_parent() will skip it and let
shrink_dentry_list() retry pruning it. With select_parent() skipping those
dentries there will not be the appearance of progress (new dentries found) when
there is none, hence shrink_dcache_parent() will not loop forever.
Set the flag is also set in prune_dcache_sb() for consistency as suggested by
Linus.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
select_parent currently abuses the dentry cache LRU to provide
cleanup features for child dentries that need to be freed. It moves
them to the tail of the LRU, then tells shrink_dcache_parent() to
calls __shrink_dcache_sb to unconditionally move them to a dispose
list (as DCACHE_REFERENCED is ignored). __shrink_dcache_sb() has to
relock the dentries to move them off the LRU onto the dispose list,
but otherwise does not touch the dentries that select_parent() moved
to the tail of the LRU. It then passses the dispose list to
shrink_dentry_list() which tries to free the dentries.
IOWs, the use of __shrink_dcache_sb() is superfluous - we can build
exactly the same list of dentries for disposal directly in
select_parent() and call shrink_dentry_list() instead of calling
__shrink_dcache_sb() to do that. This means that we avoid long holds
on the lru lock walking the LRU moving dentries to the dispose list
We also avoid the need to relock each dentry just to move it off the
LRU, reducing the numebr of times we lock each dentry to dispose of
them in shrink_dcache_parent() from 3 to 2 times.
Further, we remove one of the two callers of __shrink_dcache_sb().
This also means that __shrink_dcache_sb can be moved into back into
prune_dcache_sb() and we no longer have to handle referenced
dentries conditionally, simplifying the code.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
a) mount --move is checking that ->mnt_parent is non-NULL before
looking if that parent happens to be shared; ->mnt_parent is never
NULL and it's not even an misspelled !mnt_has_parent()
b) pivot_root open-codes is_path_reachable(), poorly.
c) so does path_is_under(), while we are at it.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
vfsmounts have ->mnt_parent pointing either to a different vfsmount
or to itself; it's never NULL and termination condition in loops
traversing the tree towards root is mnt == mnt->mnt_parent. At least
one place (see the next patch) is confused about what's going on;
let's add an explicit helper checking it right way and use it in
all places where we need it. Not that there had been too many,
but...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
__d_path() API is asking for trouble and in case of apparmor d_namespace_path()
getting just that. The root cause is that when __d_path() misses the root
it had been told to look for, it stores the location of the most remote ancestor
in *root. Without grabbing references. Sure, at the moment of call it had
been pinned down by what we have in *path. And if we raced with umount -l, we
could have very well stopped at vfsmount/dentry that got freed as soon as
prepend_path() dropped vfsmount_lock.
It is safe to compare these pointers with pre-existing (and known to be still
alive) vfsmount and dentry, as long as all we are asking is "is it the same
address?". Dereferencing is not safe and apparmor ended up stepping into
that. d_namespace_path() really wants to examine the place where we stopped,
even if it's not connected to our namespace. As the result, it looked
at ->d_sb->s_magic of a dentry that might've been already freed by that point.
All other callers had been careful enough to avoid that, but it's really
a bad interface - it invites that kind of trouble.
The fix is fairly straightforward, even though it's bigger than I'd like:
* prepend_path() root argument becomes const.
* __d_path() is never called with NULL/NULL root. It was a kludge
to start with. Instead, we have an explicit function - d_absolute_root().
Same as __d_path(), except that it doesn't get root passed and stops where
it stops. apparmor and tomoyo are using it.
* __d_path() returns NULL on path outside of root. The main
caller is show_mountinfo() and that's precisely what we pass root for - to
skip those outside chroot jail. Those who don't want that can (and do)
use d_path().
* __d_path() root argument becomes const. Everyone agrees, I hope.
* apparmor does *NOT* try to use __d_path() or any of its variants
when it sees that path->mnt is an internal vfsmount. In that case it's
definitely not mounted anywhere and dentry_path() is exactly what we want
there. Handling of sysctl()-triggered weirdness is moved to that place.
* if apparmor is asked to do pathname relative to chroot jail
and __d_path() tells it we it's not in that jail, the sucker just calls
d_absolute_path() instead. That's the other remaining caller of __d_path(),
BTW.
* seq_path_root() does _NOT_ return -ENAMETOOLONG (it's stupid anyway -
the normal seq_file logics will take care of growing the buffer and redoing
the call of ->show() just fine). However, if it gets path not reachable
from root, it returns SEQ_SKIP. The only caller adjusted (i.e. stopped
ignoring the return value as it used to do).
Reviewed-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
ACKed-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
To prevent an NFS server from being used to create a directory loop in an NFS
superblock on the client, the following patch was committed:
commit 1836750115
Author: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Date: Tue Jul 12 21:42:24 2011 -0400
Subject: fix loop checks in d_materialise_unique()
This causes ELOOP to be reported to anyone trying to access the dentry that
would otherwise cause the kernel to complete the loop.
However, no indication is given to the caller as to why an operation that ought
to work doesn't. The fault is with the kernel, which doesn't want to try and
solve the problem as it gets horrendously messy if there's another mountpoint
somewhere in the trees being spliced that can't be moved[*].
[*] The real problem is that we don't handle the excision of a subtree that
gets moved _out_ of what we can see. This can happen on the server where a
directory is merely moved between two other dirs on the same filesystem, but
where destination dir is not accessible by the client.
So, given the choice to return ELOOP rather than trying to reconfigure the
dentry tree, we should give the caller some indication of why they aren't being
allowed to make what should be a legitimate request and log a message.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Sachin Prabhu <sprabhu@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This adds a d_prune dentry operation that is called by the VFS prior to
pruning (i.e. unhashing and killing) a hashed dentry from the dcache.
Wrap dentry_lru_del() and use the new _prune() helper in the cases where we
are about to unhash and kill the dentry.
This will be used by Ceph to maintain a flag indicating whether the
complete contents of a directory are contained in the dcache, allowing it
to satisfy lookups and readdir without addition server communication.
Renumber a few DCACHE_* #defines to group DCACHE_OP_PRUNE with the other
DCACHE_OP_ bits.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Gcc tends to generate better code with small integers, including the
DCACHE_xyz flag tests - so move the common ones to be first in the list.
Also just remove the unused DCACHE_INOTIFY_PARENT_WATCHED and
DCACHE_AUTOFS_PENDING values, their users no longer exists in the source
tree.
And add a "unlikely()" to the DCACHE_OP_COMPARE test, since we want the
common case to be a nice straight-line fall-through.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix new kernel-doc warning in fs/dcache.c:
Warning(fs/dcache.c:797): No description found for parameter 'sb'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reorganise shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree() in light of the demise of
dcache_lock. Without that dcache_lock, there is no need for the batching of
removal of dentries from the system under it (we wanted to make intensive use
of the locked data whilst we held it, but didn't want to hold it for long at a
time).
This works, provided the preceding patch is correct in its removal of locking
on dentry->d_lock on the basis that no one should be locking these dentries any
more as the whole superblock is defunct.
With this patch, the calls to dentry_lru_del() and __d_shrink() are placed at
the point where each dentry is detached handled.
It is possible that, as an alternative, the batching should still be done -
but only for dentry_lru_del() of all a dentry's children in one go. In such a
case, the batching would be done under dcache_lru_lock.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Locks of the dcache_lock were replaced by locks of dentry->d_lock in commits
such as:
23044507832fd6b7f507
as part of the RCU-based pathwalk changes, despite the fact that the caller
(shrink_dcache_for_umount()) notes in the banner comment the reasons that
d_lock is not necessary in these functions:
/*
* destroy the dentries attached to a superblock on unmounting
* - we don't need to use dentry->d_lock because:
* - the superblock is detached from all mountings and open files, so the
* dentry trees will not be rearranged by the VFS
* - s_umount is write-locked, so the memory pressure shrinker will ignore
* any dentries belonging to this superblock that it comes across
* - the filesystem itself is no longer permitted to rearrange the dentries
* in this superblock
*/
So remove these locks. If the locks are actually necessary, then this banner
comment should be altered instead.
The hash table chains are protected by 1-bit locks in the hash table heads, so
those shouldn't be a problem.
Note that to make this work, __d_drop() has to be split so that the RCUwalk
barrier can be avoided. This causes problems otherwise as it has an assertion
that dentry->d_lock is locked - but there is no need for that as no one else
can be trying to access this dentry, except to step over it (and that should
be handled by d_free(), I think).
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Remove the detached-dentry counter from shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree() as
the value it computes is no longer used as of commit
312d3ca856 which made the nr_dentry counters
summed per-CPU rather than global atomic.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Adding a comment to d_materialise_unique per Al's request...
d_move and __d_move have some pretty substantial locking requirements,
but they are not clearly documented. Add some comments spelling them
out. Also, document the requirement for the i_mutex of the parent in
d_materialise_unique.
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6: (107 commits)
vfs: use ERR_CAST for err-ptr tossing in lookup_instantiate_filp
isofs: Remove global fs lock
jffs2: fix IN_DELETE_SELF on overwriting rename() killing a directory
fix IN_DELETE_SELF on overwriting rename() on ramfs et.al.
mm/truncate.c: fix build for CONFIG_BLOCK not enabled
fs:update the NOTE of the file_operations structure
Remove dead code in dget_parent()
AFS: Fix silly characters in a comment
switch d_add_ci() to d_splice_alias() in "found negative" case as well
simplify gfs2_lookup()
jfs_lookup(): don't bother with . or ..
get rid of useless dget_parent() in btrfs rename() and link()
get rid of useless dget_parent() in fs/btrfs/ioctl.c
fs: push i_mutex and filemap_write_and_wait down into ->fsync() handlers
drivers: fix up various ->llseek() implementations
fs: handle SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA properly in all fs's that define their own llseek
Ext4: handle SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA generically
Btrfs: implement our own ->llseek
fs: add SEEK_HOLE and SEEK_DATA flags
reiserfs: make reiserfs default to barrier=flush
...
Fix up trivial conflicts in fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_super.c due to the new
shrinker callout for the inode cache, that clashed with the xfs code to
start the periodic workers later.
It seems to hurt performance in real life. Yes, the inode will be used
later, but the conditional doesn't seem to predict all that well
(negative dentries are not uncommon) and it looks like the cost of
prefetching is simply higher than depending on the cache doing the right
thing.
As usual.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With context based shrinkers, we can implement a per-superblock
shrinker that shrinks the caches attached to the superblock. We
currently have global shrinkers for the inode and dentry caches that
split up into per-superblock operations via a coarse proportioning
method that does not batch very well. The global shrinkers also
have a dependency - dentries pin inodes - so we have to be very
careful about how we register the global shrinkers so that the
implicit call order is always correct.
With a per-sb shrinker callout, we can encode this dependency
directly into the per-sb shrinker, hence avoiding the need for
strictly ordering shrinker registrations. We also have no need for
any proportioning code for the shrinker subsystem already provides
this functionality across all shrinkers. Allowing the shrinker to
operate on a single superblock at a time means that we do less
superblock list traversals and locking and reclaim should batch more
effectively. This should result in less CPU overhead for reclaim and
potentially faster reclaim of items from each filesystem.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
New helper (non-exported, fs/internal.h-only): __d_alloc(sb, name).
Allocates dentry, sets its ->d_sb to given superblock and sets
->d_op accordingly. Old d_alloc(NULL, name) callers are converted
to that (all of them know what superblock they want). d_alloc()
itself is left only for parent != NULl case; uses __d_alloc(),
inserts result into the list of parent's children.
Note that now ->d_sb is assign-once and never NULL *and*
->d_parent is never NULL either.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Btrfs (and I'd venture most other fs's) stores its indexes in nice disk order
for readdir, but unfortunately in the case of anything that stats the files in
order that readdir spits back (like oh say ls) that means we still have to do
the normal lookup of the file, which means looking up our other index and then
looking up the inode. What I want is a way to create dummy dentries when we
find them in readdir so that when ls or anything else subsequently does a
stat(), we already have the location information in the dentry and can go
straight to the inode itself. The lookup stuff just assumes that if it finds a
dentry it is done, it doesn't perform a lookup. So add a DCACHE_NEED_LOOKUP
flag so that the lookup code knows it still needs to run i_op->lookup() on the
parent to get the inode for the dentry. I have tested this with btrfs and I
went from something that looks like this
http://people.redhat.com/jwhiter/ls-noreada.png
To this
http://people.redhat.com/jwhiter/ls-good.png
Thats a savings of 1300 seconds, or 22 minutes. That is a significant savings.
Thanks,
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Both __d_unalias() and __d_materialise_dentry() need loop prevention.
Grab rename_lock in caller, check for loops there...
As a side benefit, we have dentry_lock_for_move() called only under
rename_lock, which seriously reduces deadlock potential of the
execrable "locking order" used for ->d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Change each shrinker's API by consolidating the existing parameters into
shrink_control struct. This will simplify any further features added w/o
touching each file of shrinker.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix up new shrinker API]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix xfs warning]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: update gfs2]
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit e66eed651f ("list: remove prefetching from regular list
iterators") removed the include of prefetch.h from list.h, which
uncovered several cases that had apparently relied on that rather
obscure header file dependency.
So this fixes things up a bit, using
grep -L linux/prefetch.h $(git grep -l '[^a-z_]prefetchw*(' -- '*.[ch]')
grep -L 'prefetchw*(' $(git grep -l 'linux/prefetch.h' -- '*.[ch]')
to guide us in finding files that either need <linux/prefetch.h>
inclusion, or have it despite not needing it.
There are more of them around (mostly network drivers), but this gets
many core ones.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now that the whole dcache_hash_bucket crap is gone, go all the way and
also remove the weird locking layering violations for locking the hash
buckets. Add hlist_bl_lock/unlock helpers to move the locking into the
list abstraction instead of requiring each caller to open code it.
After all allowing for the bit locks is the whole point of these helpers
over the plain hlist variant.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The dentry hashing rules have been really quite complicated for a long
while, in odd ways. That made functions like __d_drop() very fragile
and non-obvious.
In particular, whether a dentry was hashed or not was indicated with an
explicit DCACHE_UNHASHED bit. That's despite the fact that the hash
abstraction that the dentries use actually have a 'is this entry hashed
or not' model (which is a simple test of the 'pprev' pointer).
The reason that was done is because we used the normal 'is this entry
unhashed' model to mark whether the dentry had _ever_ been hashed in the
dentry hash tables, and that logic goes back many years (commit
b3423415fb: "dcache: avoid RCU for never-hashed dentries").
That, in turn, meant that __d_drop had totally different unhashing logic
for the dentry hash table case and for the anonymous dcache case,
because in order to use the "is this dentry hashed" logic as a flag for
whether it had ever been on the RCU hash table, we had to unhash such a
dentry differently so that we'd never think that it wasn't 'unhashed'
and wouldn't be free'd correctly.
That's just insane. It made the logic really hard to follow, when there
were two different kinds of "unhashed" states, and one of them (the one
that used "list_bl_unhashed()") really had nothing at all to do with
being unhashed per se, but with a very subtle lifetime rule instead.
So turn all of it around, and make it logical.
Instead of having a DENTRY_UNHASHED bit in d_flags to indicate whether
the dentry is on the hash chains or not, use the hash chain unhashed
logic for that. Suddenly "d_unhashed()" just uses "list_bl_unhashed()",
and everything makes sense.
And for the lifetime rule, just use an explicit DENTRY_RCUACCEES bit.
If we ever insert the dentry into the dentry hash table so that it is
visible to RCU lookup, we mark it DENTRY_RCUACCESS to show that it now
needs the RCU lifetime rules. Now suddently that test at dentry free
time makes sense too.
And because unhashing now is sane and doesn't depend on where the dentry
got unhashed from (because the dentry hash chain details doesn't have
some subtle side effects), we can re-unify the __d_drop() logic and use
common code for the unhashing.
Also fix one more open-coded hash chain bit_spin_lock() that I missed in
the previous chain locking cleanup commit.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's a useless abstraction for 'hlist_bl_head', and it doesn't actually
help anything - quite the reverse. All the users end up having to know
about the hlist_bl_head details anyway, using 'struct hlist_bl_node *'
etc. So it just makes the code look confusing.
And the cost of it is extra '&b->head' syntactic noise, but more
importantly it spuriously makes the hash table dentry list look
different from the per-superblock DCACHE_DISCONNECTED dentry list.
As a result, the code ended up using ad-hoc locking for one case and
special helper functions for what is really another totally identical
case in the very same function.
Make it all look and work the same.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The case we should be verifying when updating the dentry name is that
the _parent_ inode (the directory) semaphore is held, not the semaphore
for the dentry itself. It's the directory locking that rename and
readdir() etc all care about.
The comment just above even says so - but then the BUG_ON() still
checked the dentry inode itself.
Very few people noticed, because this helper function really isn't used
for very much, so you had to be using ncpfs to ever hit it.
I think I should just remove the BUG_ON (the function really has just
one user), but let's run with it fixed for a while before getting rid of
it entirely.
Reported-and-tested-by: Bongani Hlope <bonganih@bankservafrica.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Bernd Feige <bernd.feige@uniklinik-freiburg.de>
Cc: Petr Vandrovec <petr@vandrovec.name>,
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
fs: call security_d_instantiate in d_obtain_alias V2
lose 'mounting_here' argument in ->d_manage()
don't pass 'mounting_here' flag to follow_down()
change the locking order for namespace_sem
fix deadlock in pivot_root()
vfs: split off vfsmount-related parts of vfs_kern_mount()
Some fixes for pstore
kill simple_set_mnt()
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (47 commits)
doc: CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU doesn't exist anymore
Update cpuset info & webiste for cgroups
dcdbas: force SMI to happen when expected
arch/arm/Kconfig: remove one to many l's in the word.
asm-generic/user.h: Fix spelling in comment
drm: fix printk typo 'sracth'
Remove one to many n's in a word
Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt: fixing link to genromfs
drivers:scsi Change printk typo initate -> initiate
serial, pch uart: Remove duplicate inclusion of linux/pci.h header
fs/eventpoll.c: fix spelling
mm: Fix out-of-date comments which refers non-existent functions
drm: Fix printk typo 'failled'
coh901318.c: Change initate to initiate.
mbox-db5500.c Change initate to initiate.
edac: correct i82975x error-info reported
edac: correct i82975x mci initialisation
edac: correct commented info
fs: update comments to point correct document
target: remove duplicate include of target/target_core_device.h from drivers/target/target_core_hba.c
...
Trivial conflict in fs/eventpoll.c (spelling vs addition)
While trying to track down some NFS problems with BTRFS, I kept noticing I was
getting -EACCESS for no apparent reason. Eric Paris and printk() helped me
figure out that it was SELinux that was giving me grief, with the following
denial
type=AVC msg=audit(1290013638.413:95): avc: denied { 0x800000 } for pid=1772
comm="nfsd" name="" dev=sda1 ino=256 scontext=system_u:system_r:kernel_t:s0
tcontext=system_u:object_r:unlabeled_t:s0 tclass=file
Turns out this is because in d_obtain_alias if we can't find an alias we create
one and do all the normal instantiation stuff, but we don't do the
security_d_instantiate.
Usually we are protected from getting a hashed dentry that hasn't yet run
security_d_instantiate() by the parent's i_mutex, but obviously this isn't an
option there, so in order to deal with the case that a second thread comes in
and finds our new dentry before we get to run security_d_instantiate(), we go
ahead and call it if we find a dentry already. Eric assures me that this is ok
as the code checks to see if the dentry has been initialized already so calling
security_d_instantiate() against the same dentry multiple times is ok. With
this patch I'm no longer getting errant -EACCESS values.
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The new vfs locking scheme introduced in 2.6.38 breaks NFS sillyrename
because the latter relies on being able to determine the parent
directory of the dentry in the ->iput() callback in order to send the
appropriate unlink rpc call.
Looking at the code that cares about races with dput(), there doesn't
seem to be anything that specifically uses d_parent as a test for
whether or not there is a race:
- __d_lookup_rcu(), __d_lookup() all test for d_hashed() after d_parent
- shrink_dcache_for_umount() is safe since nothing else can rearrange
the dentries in that super block.
- have_submount(), select_parent() and d_genocide() can test for a
deletion if we set the DCACHE_DISCONNECTED flag when the dentry
is removed from the parent's d_subdirs list.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org (2.6.38, needs commit c826cb7dfc "dcache.c:
create helper function for duplicated functionality" )
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This creates a helper function for he "try to ascend into the parent
directory" case, which was written out in triplicate before. With all
the locking and subtle sequence number stuff, we really don't want to
duplicate that kind of code.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Without this patch, inodes are not promptly freed on last close of an
unlinked file by an nfs client:
client$ mount -tnfs4 server:/export/ /mnt/
client$ tail -f /mnt/FOO
...
server$ df -i /export
server$ rm /export/FOO
(^C the tail -f)
server$ df -i /export
server$ echo 2 >/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
server$ df -i /export
the df's will show that the inode is not freed on the filesystem until
the last step, when it could have been freed after killing the client's
tail -f. On-disk data won't be deallocated either, leading to possible
spurious ENOSPC.
This occurs because when the client does the close, it arrives in a
compound with a putfh and a close, processed like:
- putfh: look up the filehandle. The only alias found for the
inode will be DCACHE_UNHASHED alias referenced by the filp
this, so it creates a new DCACHE_DISCONECTED dentry and
returns that instead.
- close: closes the existing filp, which is destroyed
immediately by dput() since it's DCACHE_UNHASHED.
- end of the compound: release the reference
to the current filehandle, and dput() the new
DCACHE_DISCONECTED dentry, which gets put on the
unused list instead of being destroyed immediately.
Nick Piggin suggested fixing this by allowing d_obtain_alias to return
the unhashed dentry that is referenced by the filp, instead of making it
create a new dentry.
Leave __d_find_alias() alone to avoid changing behavior of other
callers.
Also nfsd doesn't need all the checks of __d_find_alias(); any dentry,
hashed or unhashed, disconnected or not, should work.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
dcache-locking.txt is not exist any more, and the path was not
correct anyway. Fix it.
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Fix new fs/dcache.c kernel-doc warnings:
Warning(fs/dcache.c:184): No description found for parameter 'dentry'
Warning(fs/dcache.c:296): No description found for parameter 'parent'
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1985): No description found for parameter 'dparent'
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1985): Excess function parameter 'parent' description in 'd_validate'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6: (23 commits)
sanitize vfsmount refcounting changes
fix old umount_tree() breakage
autofs4: Merge the remaining dentry ops tables
Unexport do_add_mount() and add in follow_automount(), not ->d_automount()
Allow d_manage() to be used in RCU-walk mode
Remove a further kludge from __do_follow_link()
autofs4: Bump version
autofs4: Add v4 pseudo direct mount support
autofs4: Fix wait validation
autofs4: Clean up autofs4_free_ino()
autofs4: Clean up dentry operations
autofs4: Clean up inode operations
autofs4: Remove unused code
autofs4: Add d_manage() dentry operation
autofs4: Add d_automount() dentry operation
Remove the automount through follow_link() kludge code from pathwalk
CIFS: Use d_automount() rather than abusing follow_link()
NFS: Use d_automount() rather than abusing follow_link()
AFS: Use d_automount() rather than abusing follow_link()
Add an AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT flag to suppress terminal automount
...
Add a dentry op (d_automount) to handle automounting directories rather than
abusing the follow_link() inode operation. The operation is keyed off a new
dentry flag (DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT).
This also makes it easier to add an AT_ flag to suppress terminal segment
automount during pathwalk and removes the need for the kludge code in the
pathwalk algorithm to handle directories with follow_link() semantics.
The ->d_automount() dentry operation:
struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *mountpoint);
takes a pointer to the directory to be mounted upon, which is expected to
provide sufficient data to determine what should be mounted. If successful, it
should return the vfsmount struct it creates (which it should also have added
to the namespace using do_add_mount() or similar). If there's a collision with
another automount attempt, NULL should be returned. If the directory specified
by the parameter should be used directly rather than being mounted upon,
-EISDIR should be returned. In any other case, an error code should be
returned.
The ->d_automount() operation is called with no locks held and may sleep. At
this point the pathwalk algorithm will be in ref-walk mode.
Within fs/namei.c itself, a new pathwalk subroutine (follow_automount()) is
added to handle mountpoints. It will return -EREMOTE if the automount flag was
set, but no d_automount() op was supplied, -ELOOP if we've encountered too many
symlinks or mountpoints, -EISDIR if the walk point should be used without
mounting and 0 if successful. The path will be updated to point to the mounted
filesystem if a successful automount took place.
__follow_mount() is replaced by follow_managed() which is more generic
(especially with the patch that adds ->d_manage()). This handles transits from
directories during pathwalk, including automounting and skipping over
mountpoints (and holding processes with the next patch).
__follow_mount_rcu() will jump out of RCU-walk mode if it encounters an
automount point with nothing mounted on it.
follow_dotdot*() does not handle automounts as you don't want to trigger them
whilst following "..".
I've also extracted the mount/don't-mount logic from autofs4 and included it
here. It makes the mount go ahead anyway if someone calls open() or creat(),
tries to traverse the directory, tries to chdir/chroot/etc. into the directory,
or sticks a '/' on the end of the pathname. If they do a stat(), however,
they'll only trigger the automount if they didn't also say O_NOFOLLOW.
I've also added an inode flag (S_AUTOMOUNT) so that filesystems can mark their
inodes as automount points. This flag is automatically propagated to the
dentry as DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT by __d_instantiate(). This saves NFS and could
save AFS a private flag bit apiece, but is not strictly necessary. It would be
preferable to do the propagation in d_set_d_op(), but that doesn't normally
have access to the inode.
[AV: fixed breakage in case if __follow_mount_rcu() fails and nameidata_drop_rcu()
succeeds in RCU case of do_lookup(); we need to fall through to non-RCU case after
that, rather than just returning with ungrabbed *path]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Was-Acked-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
It's indicative of a real problem, and it actually triggers with
autofs4, but the BUG_ON() is excessive. The autofs4 case is being fixed
(to only set d_op in the ->lookup method) but not merged yet. In the
meantime this gets the code limping along.
Reported-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Cc: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix function kernel-doc warning for prepend_path():
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1924): missing initial short description on line:
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Fix function parameter kernel-doc for d_validate():
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1495): No description found for parameter 'parent'
Warning(fs/dcache.c:1495): Excess function parameter 'dparent' description in 'd_validate'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The standard memcmp function on a Westmere system shows up hot in
profiles in the `git diff` workload (both parallel and single threaded),
and it is likely due to the costs associated with trapping into
microcode, and little opportunity to improve memory access (dentry
name is not likely to take up more than a cacheline).
So replace it with an open-coded byte comparison. This increases code
size by 8 bytes in the critical __d_lookup_rcu function, but the
speedup is huge, averaging 10 runs of each:
git diff st user sys elapsed CPU
before 1.15 2.57 3.82 97.1
after 1.14 2.35 3.61 96.8
git diff mt user sys elapsed CPU
before 1.27 3.85 1.46 349
after 1.26 3.54 1.43 333
Elapsed time for single threaded git diff at 95.0% confidence:
-0.21 +/- 0.01
-5.45% +/- 0.24%
It's -0.66% +/- 0.06% elapsed time on my Opteron, so rep cmp costs on the
fam10h seem to be relatively smaller, but there is still a win.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
This makes single threaded git diff -1.25% +/- 0.05% elapsed time on my
2s12c24t Westmere system, and -0.86% +/- 0.05% on my 2s8c Barcelona, by
prefetching the important first cacheline of the inode in while we do the
actual name compare and other operations on the dentry.
There was no measurable slowdown in the single file stat case, or the creat
case (where negative dentries would be common).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Regardless of how much we possibly try to scale dcache, there is likely
always going to be some fundamental contention when adding or removing children
under the same parent. Pseudo filesystems do not seem need to have connected
dentries because by definition they are disconnected.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
dcache_inode_lock can be replaced with per-inode locking. Use existing
inode->i_lock for this. This is slightly non-trivial because we sometimes
need to find the inode from the dentry, which requires d_inode to be
stabilised (either with refcount or d_lock).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Put dentry and inode fields into top of data structure. This allows RCU path
traversal to perform an RCU dentry lookup in a path walk by touching only the
first 56 bytes of the dentry.
We also fit in 8 bytes of inline name in the first 64 bytes, so for short
names, only 64 bytes needs to be touched to perform the lookup. We should
get rid of the hash->prev pointer from the first 64 bytes, and fit 16 bytes
of name in there, which will take care of 81% rather than 32% of the kernel
tree.
inode is also rearranged so that RCU lookup will only touch a single cacheline
in the inode, plus one in the i_ops structure.
This is important for directory component lookups in RCU path walking. In the
kernel source, directory names average is around 6 chars, so this works.
When we reach the last element of the lookup, we need to lock it and take its
refcount which requires another cacheline access.
Align dentry and inode operations structs, so members will be at predictable
offsets and we can group common operations into head of structure.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Reduce some branches and memory accesses in dcache lookup by adding dentry
flags to indicate common d_ops are set, rather than having to check them.
This saves a pointer memory access (dentry->d_op) in common path lookup
situations, and saves another pointer load and branch in cases where we
have d_op but not the particular operation.
Patched with:
git grep -E '[.>]([[:space:]])*d_op([[:space:]])*=' | xargs sed -e 's/\([^\t ]*\)->d_op = \(.*\);/d_set_d_op(\1, \2);/' -e 's/\([^\t ]*\)\.d_op = \(.*\);/d_set_d_op(\&\1, \2);/' -i
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Rather than keep a d_mounted count in the dentry, set a dentry flag instead.
The flag can be cleared by checking the hash table to see if there are any
mounts left, which is not time critical because it is performed at detach time.
The mounted state of a dentry is only used to speculatively take a look in the
mount hash table if it is set -- before following the mount, vfsmount lock is
taken and mount re-checked without races.
This saves 4 bytes on 32-bit, nothing on 64-bit but it does provide a hole I
might use later (and some configs have larger than 32-bit spinlocks which might
make use of the hole).
Autofs4 conversion and changelog by Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>:
In autofs4, when expring direct (or offset) mounts we need to ensure that we
block user path walks into the autofs mount, which is covered by another mount.
To do this we clear the mounted status so that follows stop before walking into
the mount and are essentially blocked until the expire is completed. The
automount daemon still finds the correct dentry for the umount due to the
follow mount logic in fs/autofs4/root.c:autofs4_follow_link(), which is set as
an inode operation for direct and offset mounts only and is called following
the lookup that stopped at the covered mount.
At the end of the expire the covering mount probably has gone away so the
mounted status need not be restored. But we need to check this and only restore
the mounted status if the expire failed.
XXX: autofs may not work right if we have other mounts go over the top of it?
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Perform common cases of path lookups without any stores or locking in the
ancestor dentry elements. This is called rcu-walk, as opposed to the current
algorithm which is a refcount based walk, or ref-walk.
This results in far fewer atomic operations on every path element,
significantly improving path lookup performance. It also avoids cacheline
bouncing on common dentries, significantly improving scalability.
The overall design is like this:
* LOOKUP_RCU is set in nd->flags, which distinguishes rcu-walk from ref-walk.
* Take the RCU lock for the entire path walk, starting with the acquiring
of the starting path (eg. root/cwd/fd-path). So now dentry refcounts are
not required for dentry persistence.
* synchronize_rcu is called when unregistering a filesystem, so we can
access d_ops and i_ops during rcu-walk.
* Similarly take the vfsmount lock for the entire path walk. So now mnt
refcounts are not required for persistence. Also we are free to perform mount
lookups, and to assume dentry mount points and mount roots are stable up and
down the path.
* Have a per-dentry seqlock to protect the dentry name, parent, and inode,
so we can load this tuple atomically, and also check whether any of its
members have changed.
* Dentry lookups (based on parent, candidate string tuple) recheck the parent
sequence after the child is found in case anything changed in the parent
during the path walk.
* inode is also RCU protected so we can load d_inode and use the inode for
limited things.
* i_mode, i_uid, i_gid can be tested for exec permissions during path walk.
* i_op can be loaded.
When we reach the destination dentry, we lock it, recheck lookup sequence,
and increment its refcount and mountpoint refcount. RCU and vfsmount locks
are dropped. This is termed "dropping rcu-walk". If the dentry refcount does
not match, we can not drop rcu-walk gracefully at the current point in the
lokup, so instead return -ECHILD (for want of a better errno). This signals the
path walking code to re-do the entire lookup with a ref-walk.
Aside from the final dentry, there are other situations that may be encounted
where we cannot continue rcu-walk. In that case, we drop rcu-walk (ie. take
a reference on the last good dentry) and continue with a ref-walk. Again, if
we can drop rcu-walk gracefully, we return -ECHILD and do the whole lookup
using ref-walk. But it is very important that we can continue with ref-walk
for most cases, particularly to avoid the overhead of double lookups, and to
gain the scalability advantages on common path elements (like cwd and root).
The cases where rcu-walk cannot continue are:
* NULL dentry (ie. any uncached path element)
* parent with d_inode->i_op->permission or ACLs
* dentries with d_revalidate
* Following links
In future patches, permission checks and d_revalidate become rcu-walk aware. It
may be possible eventually to make following links rcu-walk aware.
Uncached path elements will always require dropping to ref-walk mode, at the
very least because i_mutex needs to be grabbed, and objects allocated.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
The tricky locking for disposing of a dentry is duplicated 3 times in the
dcache (dput, pruning a dentry from the LRU, and pruning its ancestors).
Consolidate them all into a single function dentry_kill.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
prune_one_dentry can avoid quite a bit of locking in the common case where
ancestors have an elevated refcount. Alternatively, we could have gone the
other way and made fewer trylocks in the case where d_count goes to zero, but
is probably less common.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
dget_locked was a shortcut to avoid the lazy lru manipulation when we already
held dcache_lock (lru manipulation was relatively cheap at that point).
However, how that the lru lock is an innermost one, we never hold it at any
caller, so the lock cost can now be avoided. We already have well working lazy
dcache LRU, so it should be fine to defer LRU manipulations to scan time.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
dcache_inode_lock can be avoided in d_delete() and d_materialise_unique()
in cases where it is not required.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
It is possible to run dput without taking data structure locks up-front. In
many cases where we don't kill the dentry anyway, these locks are not required.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Long lived dcache "multi-step" operations which retry on rename seq can
be starved with a lot of rename activity. If they fail after the 1st pass,
take the rename_lock for writing to avoid further starvation.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
The remaining usages for dcache_lock is to allow atomic, multi-step read-side
operations over the directory tree by excluding modifications to the tree.
Also, to walk in the leaf->root direction in the tree where we don't have
a natural d_lock ordering.
This could be accomplished by taking every d_lock, but this would mean a
huge number of locks and actually gets very tricky.
Solve this instead by using the rename seqlock for multi-step read-side
operations, retry in case of a rename so we don't walk up the wrong parent.
Concurrent dentry insertions are not serialised against. Concurrent deletes
are tricky when walking up the directory: our parent might have been deleted
when dropping locks so also need to check and retry for that.
We can also use the rename lock in cases where livelock is a worry (and it
is introduced in subsequent patch).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Add a new lock, dcache_inode_lock, to protect the inode's i_dentry list
from concurrent modification. d_alias is also protected by d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Protect d_subdirs and d_child with d_lock, except in filesystems that aren't
using dcache_lock for these anyway (eg. using i_mutex).
Note: if we change the locking rule in future so that ->d_child protection is
provided only with ->d_parent->d_lock, it may allow us to reduce some locking.
But it would be an exception to an otherwise regular locking scheme, so we'd
have to see some good results. Probably not worthwhile.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Protect d_unhashed(dentry) condition with d_lock. This means keeping
DCACHE_UNHASHED bit in synch with hash manipulations.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Make d_count non-atomic and protect it with d_lock. This allows us to ensure a
0 refcount dentry remains 0 without dcache_lock. It is also fairly natural when
we start protecting many other dentry members with d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Add a new lock, dcache_lru_lock, to protect the dcache LRU list from concurrent
modification. d_lru is also protected by d_lock, which allows LRU lists to be
accessed without the lru lock, using RCU in future patches.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Add a new lock, dcache_hash_lock, to protect the dcache hash table from
concurrent modification. d_hash is also protected by d_lock.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Remove dcache_lock locking from hostfs filesystem, and move it into dcache
helpers. All that is required is a coherent path name. Protection from
concurrent modification of the namespace after path name generation is not
provided in current code, because dcache_lock is dropped before the path is
used.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Change d_hash so it may be called from lock-free RCU lookups. See similar
patch for d_compare for details.
For in-tree filesystems, this is just a mechanical change.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Change d_compare so it may be called from lock-free RCU lookups. This
does put significant restrictions on what may be done from the callback,
however there don't seem to have been any problems with in-tree fses.
If some strange use case pops up that _really_ cannot cope with the
rcu-walk rules, we can just add new rcu-unaware callbacks, which would
cause name lookup to drop out of rcu-walk mode.
For in-tree filesystems, this is just a mechanical change.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
smpfs and ncpfs want to update a live dentry name in-place. Rather than
have them open code the locking, provide a documented dcache API.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Change d_delete from a dentry deletion notification to a dentry caching
advise, more like ->drop_inode. Require it to be constant and idempotent,
and not take d_lock. This is how all existing filesystems use the callback
anyway.
This makes fine grained dentry locking of dput and dentry lru scanning
much simpler.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
The nr_unused counters count the number of objects on an LRU, and as such they
are synchronized with LRU object insertion and removal and scanning, and
protected under the LRU lock.
Making it per-cpu does not actually get any concurrency improvements because of
this lock, and summing the counter is much slower, and
incrementing/decrementing it costs more code size and is slower too.
These counters should stay per-LRU, which currently means global.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
d_validate has been broken for a long time.
kmem_ptr_validate does not guarantee that a pointer can be dereferenced
if it can go away at any time. Even rcu_read_lock doesn't help, because
the pointer might be queued in RCU callbacks but not executed yet.
So the parent cannot be checked, nor the name hashed. The dentry pointer
can not be touched until it can be verified under lock. Hashing simply
cannot be used.
Instead, verify the parent/child relationship by traversing parent's
d_child list. It's slow, but only ncpfs and the destaged smbfs care
about it, at this point.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
This reverts commit 3825bdb7ed.
You cannot dget() a dentry without having a reference, or holding
a lock that guarantees it remains valid.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
d_validate does a purely read lookup in the dentry hash, so use RCU read side
locking instead of dcache_lock. Split out from a larget patch by
Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Always do a list_del_init on the LRU to make sure the list_empty invariant for
not beeing on the LRU always holds true, and fold dentry_lru_del_init into
dentry_lru_del. Replace the dentry_lru_add_tail primitive with a
dentry_lru_move_tail operations that simpler when the dentry already is one
the list, which is always is. Move the list_empty into dentry_lru_add to
fit the scheme of the other lru helpers, and simplify locking once we
move to a separate LRU lock.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Currently __shrink_dcache_sb has an extremly awkward calling convention
because it tries to please very different callers. Split out the
main loop into a shrink_dentry_list helper, which gets called directly
from shrink_dcache_sb for the cases where all dentries need to be pruned,
or from __shrink_dcache_sb for pruning only a certain number of dentries.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
dentry referenced bit is only set when installing the dentry back
onto the LRU. However with lazy LRU, the dentry can already be on
the LRU list at dput time, thus missing out on setting the referenced
bit. Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The nr_dentry stat is a globally touched cacheline and atomic operation
twice over the lifetime of a dentry. It is used for the benfit of userspace
only. Turn it into a per-cpu counter and always decrement it in d_free instead
of doing various batching operations to reduce lock hold times in the callers.
Based on an earlier patch from Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Remove d_callback and always call __d_free with a RCU head.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
All callers take dcache_lock just around the call to __d_path, so
take the lock into it in preparation of getting rid of dcache_lock.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
fs: brlock vfsmount_lock
Use a brlock for the vfsmount lock. It must be taken for write whenever
modifying the mount hash or associated fields, and may be taken for read when
performing mount hash lookups.
A new lock is added for the mnt-id allocator, so it doesn't need to take
the heavy vfsmount write-lock.
The number of atomics should remain the same for fastpath rlock cases, though
code would be slightly slower due to per-cpu access. Scalability is not not be
much improved in common cases yet, due to other locks (ie. dcache_lock) getting
in the way. However path lookups crossing mountpoints should be one case where
scalability is improved (currently requiring the global lock).
The slowpath is slower due to use of brlock. On a 64 core, 64 socket, 32 node
Altix system (high latency to remote nodes), a simple umount microbenchmark
(mount --bind mnt mnt2 ; umount mnt2 loop 1000 times), before this patch it
took 6.8s, afterwards took 7.1s, about 5% slower.
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
fs: remove extra lookup in __lookup_hash
Optimize lookup for create operations, where no dentry should often be
common-case. In cases where it is not, such as unlink, the added overhead
is much smaller than the removed.
Also, move comments about __d_lookup racyness to the __d_lookup call site.
d_lookup is intuitive; __d_lookup is what needs commenting. So in that same
vein, add kerneldoc comments to __d_lookup and clean up some of the comments:
- We are interested in how the RCU lookup works here, particularly with
renames. Make that explicit, and point to the document where it is explained
in more detail.
- RCU is pretty standard now, and macros make implementations pretty mindless.
If we want to know about RCU barrier details, we look in RCU code.
- Delete some boring legacy comments because we don't care much about how the
code used to work, more about the interesting parts of how it works now. So
comments about lazy LRU may be interesting, but would better be done in the
LRU or refcount management code.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Fix parameter name in kernel-doc notation (causes a warning).
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Prepend "(unreachable)" to path strings if the path is not reachable
from the current root.
Two places updated are
- the return string from getcwd()
- and symlinks under /proc/$PID.
Other uses of d_path() are left unchanged (we know that some old
software crashes if /proc/mounts is changed).
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
__d_path() has 4 callers:
d_path()
sys_getcwd()
seq_path_root()
tomoyo_realpath_from_path2()
Of these the only one which needs the " (deleted)" ending is d_path().
sys_getcwd() checks for existence before calling __d_path().
seq_path_root() is used to show the mountpoint path in
/proc/PID/mountinfo, which is always a positive.
And tomoyo doesn't want the deleted ending.
Create a helper "path_with_deleted()" as subsequent patches will need
this in multiple places.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Split off prepend_path() from __d_path(). This new helper takes an
end-of-buffer pointer and buffer-length pointer just like the other
prepend_* functions. Move the " (deleted)" postfix out to __d_path().
This patch doesn't change any functionality but paves the way for the
following patches.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
In the old times pseudo-filesystems set the name of theroot dentry to
some prefix like "pipe:" and the name of the child dentry to "[123]"
and relied on a hack in __d_path() to replace the preceding slash with
the root's name to get "pipe:[123]".
Then the d_dname() dentry operation was introduced which solved the
same problem without having to pre-fill the name in each dentry.
Currently the following pseudo filesystems exist in the kernel:
perfmon
mtd
anon_inode
bdev
pipe
socket
Of these only perfmon, anon_inode, pipe and socket create
sub-dentries, all of which have now been switched to using d_dname().
bdev and mtd only create inodes.
This means that now the hack to overwrite the slash can be removed, so
for unreachable paths (e.g. within a detached mount) the path string
won't be polluted with garbage. For these cases a subsequent patch
will add a prefix, indicating that the path is unreachable.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Add three helpers that retrieve a refcounted copy of the root and cwd
from the supplied fs_struct.
get_fs_root()
get_fs_pwd()
get_fs_root_and_pwd()
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
builds path relative to fs root, called under dcache_lock,
doesn't append any nonsense to unlinked ones.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The current shrinker implementation requires the registered callback
to have global state to work from. This makes it difficult to shrink
caches that are not global (e.g. per-filesystem caches). Pass the shrinker
structure to the callback so that users can embed the shrinker structure
in the context the shrinker needs to operate on and get back to it in the
callback via container_of().
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
list_for_each_entry_safe is not suitable to protect against concurrent
modification of the list. 6754af6 introduced a race in sb walking.
list_for_each_entry can use the trick of pinning the current entry in
the list before we drop and retake the lock because it subsequently
follows cur->next. However list_for_each_entry_safe saves n=cur->next
for following before entering the loop body, so when the lock is
dropped, n may be deleted.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Frank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We used to remove from s_list and s_instances at the same
time. So let's *not* do the former and skip superblocks
that have empty s_instances in the loops over s_list.
The next step, of course, will be to get rid of rescan logics
in those loops.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We set the "it's dead, don't mount on it" flag _and_ do not remove it if
we turn the damn thing negative and leave it around. And if it goes
positive afterwards, well...
Fortunately, there's only one place where that needs to be caught:
only d_delete() can turn the sucker negative without immediately freeing
it; all other places that can lead to ->d_iput() call are followed by
unconditionally freeing struct dentry in question. So the fix is obvious:
Addresses https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16014
Reported-by: Adam Tkac <vonsch@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Adam Tkac <vonsch@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.34.x]
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
rehashing the negative placeholder opens a race with d_lookup();
we unhash it almost immediately (by d_move()), but the race
window is there. Since d_move() doesn't rely on target being
hashed, we don't need that d_rehash() at all.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cleanup EXPORT* macros according to Documantation/CodingStyle.
Move EXPORT* macros to the line immediately after the closing
function brace.
Signed-off-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The EXPORT_SYMBOL for d_alloc_name is in fs/libfs.c but the function
is in fs/dcache.c. Move the EXPORT_SYMBOL to the line immediately
after the closing function brace line in fs/dcache.c as mentioned
in Documentation/CodingStyle.
Signed-off-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
might_sleep() is called late-ish in cond_resched(), after the
need_resched()/preempt enabled/system running tests are
checked.
It's better to check the sleeps while atomic earlier and not
depend on some environment datas that reduce the chances to
detect a problem.
Also define cond_resched_*() helpers as macros, so that the
FILE/LINE reported in the sleeping while atomic warning
displays the real origin and not sched.h
Changes in v2:
- Call __might_sleep() directly instead of might_sleep() which
may call cond_resched()
- Turn cond_resched() into a macro so that the file:line
couple reported refers to the caller of cond_resched() and
not __cond_resched() itself.
Changes in v3:
- Also propagate this __might_sleep() pull up to
cond_resched_lock() and cond_resched_softirq()
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
LKML-Reference: <1247725694-6082-6-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
d_unlinked() will be used in middle-term to ban checkpointing when opened
but unlinked file is detected, and in long term, to detect such situation
and special case on it.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Fix ordering of LRU when moving referenced dentries to the head of the list
(they should go to the head of the list in the same order as they were found
from the tail, rather than reverse order).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Don't pull it in sched.h; very few files actually need it and those
can include directly. sched.h itself only needs forward declaration
of struct fs_struct;
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Make sure that comments describe what's going on and not how, and always
use __d_instantiate instead of two separate branches, one with
d_instantiate and one with __d_instantiate.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Commit 4ea3ada295 declares d_obtain_alias()
as EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL where it's supposed to replace d_alloc_anon which was
previously declared as EXPORT_SYMBOL and thus available to any loadable
module.
This patch reverts that.
Signed-off-by: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@panasas.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use the new generic implementation.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of creating the "filp" kmem_cache in vfs_caches_init(),
we can do it a litle be later in files_init(), so that filp_cachep
is static to fs/file_table.c
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Explain that you really need to use the return value of d_path rather than
the buffer you passed into it.
Also fix the comment for seq_path(), the function arguments changed
recently but the comment hadn't been updated in sync.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
no function named d_put(), it should be dput().
Impact: fix document and comment, no functionality changed
Signed-off-by: Zhao Lei <zhaolei@cn.fuijtsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
struct dentry is one of the most critical structures in the kernel. So it's
sad to see it going neglected.
With CONFIG_PROFILING turned on (which is probably the common case at least
for distros and kernel developers), sizeof(struct dcache) == 208 here
(64-bit). This gives 19 objects per slab.
I packed d_mounted into a hole, and took another 4 bytes off the inline
name length to take the padding out from the end of the structure. This
shinks it to 200 bytes. I could have gone the other way and increased the
length to 40, but I'm aiming for a magic number, read on...
I then got rid of the d_cookie pointer. This shrinks it to 192 bytes. Rant:
why was this ever a good idea? The cookie system should increase its hash
size or use a tree or something if lookups are a problem. Also the "fast
dcookie lookups" in oprofile should be moved into the dcookie code -- how
can oprofile possibly care about the dcookie_mutex? It gets dropped after
get_dcookie() returns so it can't be providing any sort of protection.
At 192 bytes, 21 objects fit into a 4K page, saving about 3MB on my system
with ~140 000 entries allocated. 192 is also a multiple of 64, so we get
nice cacheline alignment on 64 and 32 byte line systems -- any given dentry
will now require 3 cachelines to touch all fields wheras previously it
would require 4.
I know the inline name size was chosen quite carefully, however with the
reduction in cacheline footprint, it should actually be just about as fast
to do a name lookup for a 36 character name as it was before the patch (and
faster for other sizes). The memory footprint savings for names which are
<= 32 or > 36 bytes long should more than make up for the memory cost for
33-36 byte names.
Performance is a feature...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Hi Al,
remember that debug session we did at KS? You suggested this patch back
then....
From 7751eaf30474b8cbfaea64795805a17eab05ac53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2008 16:51:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] fs: add a sanity check in d_free
we're seeing some corruption in the dentry->d_alias list that
appears like a free of an entry still on the list; this patch
adds a WARN_ON() to catch this scenario, as suggested by Al Viro
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
This adds __d_instantiate() for users which is already taking
dcache_lock, and replace with it.
The part of d_add_ci() isn't equivalent. But it should be needed
fsnotify_d_instantiate() actually, because the path is to add the
inode to negative dentry. fsnotify_d_instantiate() should be called
after change from negative to positive.
Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
This adds d_ancestor() instead of d_isparent(), then use it.
If new_dentry == old_dentry, is_subdir() returns 1, looks strange.
"new_dentry == old_dentry" is not subdir obviously. But I'm not
checking callers for now, so this keeps current behavior.
Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp>
The calling conventions of d_alloc_anon are rather unfortunate for all
users, and it's name is not very descriptive either.
Add d_obtain_alias as a new exported helper that drops the inode
reference in the failure case, too and allows to pass-through NULL
pointers and inodes to allow for tail-calls in the export operations.
Incidentally this helper already existed as a private function in
libfs.c as exportfs_d_alloc so kill that one and switch the callers
to d_obtain_alias.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The VFS interface for the 'd_compare()' is a bit special (read: 'odd'),
because it really just essentially replaces a memcmp(). The filesystem
is supposed to just compare the two names with whatever case-independent
or other function.
And when I say 'is supposed to', I obviously mean that 'procfs does odd
things, and actually looks at the dentry that we don't even pass down,
rather than just the name'. Which results in problems, because we
actually call d_compare before we have even verified that the dentry is
still hashed at all.
And that causes a problm since the inode that procfs looks at may have
been free'd and the d_inode pointer is NULL. procfs just assumes that
all dentries are positive, since procfs itself never generates a
negative one. But memory pressure will still result in the dentry
getting torn down, and as it is removed by RCU, it still remains visible
on some lists - and to d_compare.
If the filesystem just did a name comparison, we wouldn't care. And we
could just fix procfs to know about negative dentries too. But rather
than have the low-level filesystems know about internal VFS details,
just move the check for a unhashed dentry up a bit, so that we will only
call d_compare on dentries that are still active.
The actual oops this caused didn't look like a NULL pointer dereference
because procfs did a 'container_of(inode, struct proc_inode, vfs_inode)'
to get at its internal proc_inode information from the inode pointer,
and accessed a field below the inode. So the oops would look something
like
BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at fffffffffffffff0
IP: [<ffffffff802bc6c6>] proc_sys_compare+0x36/0x50
and was seen on both x86-64 (Alexey Dobriyan and Hugh Dickins) and
ppc64 (Hugh Dickins).
Reported-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-of-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As pointed out during review d_add_ci argument order should match d_add,
so switch the dentry and inode arguments.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This add a dcache entry to the dcache for lookup, but changing the name
that is associated with the entry rather than the one passed in to the
lookup routine.
First, it sees if the case-exact match already exists in the dcache and
uses it if one exists. Otherwise, it allocates a new node with the new
name and splices it into the dcache.
Original code from ntfs_lookup in fs/ntfs/namei.c by Anton Altaparmakov.
Signed-off-by: Barry Naujok <bnaujok@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
[Summary]
Split LRU-list of unused dentries to one per superblock to avoid soft
lock up during NFS mounts and remounting of any filesystem.
Previously I posted here:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/3/5/590
[Descriptions]
- background
dentry_unused is a list of dentries which are not referenced.
dentry_unused grows up when references on directories or files are
released. This list can be very long if there is huge free memory.
- the problem
When shrink_dcache_sb() is called, it scans all dentry_unused linearly
under spin_lock(), and if dentry->d_sb is differnt from given
superblock, scan next dentry. This scan costs very much if there are
many entries, and very ineffective if there are many superblocks.
IOW, When we need to shrink unused dentries on one dentry, but scans
unused dentries on all superblocks in the system. For example, we scan
500 dentries to unmount a filesystem, but scans 1,000,000 or more unused
dentries on other superblocks.
In our case , At mounting NFS*, shrink_dcache_sb() is called to shrink
unused dentries on NFS, but scans 100,000,000 unused dentries on
superblocks in the system such as local ext3 filesystems. I hear NFS
mounting took 1 min on some system in use.
* : NFS uses virtual filesystem in rpc layer, so NFS is affected by
this problem.
100,000,000 is possible number on large systems.
Per-superblock LRU of unused dentried can reduce the cost in
reasonable manner.
- How to fix
I found this problem is solved by David Chinner's "Per-superblock
unused dentry LRU lists V3"(1), so I rebase it and add some fix to
reclaim with fairness, which is in Andrew Morton's comments(2).
1) http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/5/25/318
2) http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/5/25/320
Split LRU-list of unused dentries to each superblocks. Then, NFS
mounting will check dentries under a superblock instead of all. But
this spliting will break LRU of dentry-unused. So, I've attempted to
make reclaim unused dentrins with fairness by calculate number of
dentries to scan on this sb based on following way
number of dentries to scan on this sb =
count * (number of dentries on this sb / number of dentries in the machine)
- ToDo
- I have to measuring performance number and do stress tests.
- When unmount occurs during prune_dcache(), scanning on same
superblock, It is unable to reach next superblock because it is gone
away. We restart scannig superblock from first one, it causes
unfairness of reclaim unused dentries on first superblock. But I think
this happens very rarely.
- Test Results
Result on 6GB boxes with excessive unused dentries.
Without patch:
$ cat /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
10181835 10180203 45 0 0 0
# mount -t nfs 10.124.60.70:/work/kernel-src nfs
real 0m1.830s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m1.653s
With this patch:
$ cat /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state
10236610 10234751 45 0 0 0
# mount -t nfs 10.124.60.70:/work/kernel-src nfs
real 0m0.106s
user 0m0.002s
sys 0m0.032s
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix comments]
Signed-off-by: Kentaro Makita <k-makita@np.css.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix the following sparse warnings:
fs/dcache.c:2183:19: warning: symbol 'filp_cachep' was not declared. Should it be static?
fs/dcache.c:115:3: warning: context imbalance in 'dentry_iput' - unexpected unlock
fs/dcache.c:188:2: warning: context imbalance in 'dput' - different lock contexts for basic block
fs/dcache.c:400:2: warning: context imbalance in 'prune_one_dentry' - different lock contexts for basic block
fs/dcache.c:431:22: warning: context imbalance in 'prune_dcache' - different lock contexts for basic block
fs/dcache.c:563:2: warning: context imbalance in 'shrink_dcache_sb' - different lock contexts for basic block
fs/dcache.c:1385:6: warning: context imbalance in 'd_delete' - wrong count at exit
fs/dcache.c:1636:2: warning: context imbalance in '__d_unalias' - unexpected unlock
fs/dcache.c:1735:2: warning: context imbalance in 'd_materialise_unique' - different lock contexts for basic block
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The path that __d_path() computes can become slightly inconsistent when it
races with mount operations: it grabs the vfsmount_lock when traversing mount
points but immediately drops it again, only to re-grab it when it reaches the
next mount point. The result is that the filename computed is not always
consisent, and the file may never have had that name. (This is unlikely, but
still possible.)
Fix this by grabbing the vfsmount_lock for the whole duration of
__d_path().
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruen@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: John Johansen <jjohansen@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@medozas.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Add a new function:
seq_file_root()
This is similar to seq_path(), but calculates the path relative to the
given root, instead of current->fs->root. If the path was unreachable
from root, then modify the root parameter to reflect this.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
[mszeredi@suse.cz] split big patch into managable chunks
Add the following functions:
dentry_path()
seq_dentry()
These are similar to d_path() and seq_path(). But instead of
calculating the path within a mount namespace, they calculate the path
from the root of the filesystem to a given dentry, ignoring mounts
completely.
Signed-off-by: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Extract the common code to remove a dentry from the lru into a new function
dentry_lru_remove().
Two call sites used list_del() instead of list_del_init(). AFAIK the
performance of both is the same. dentry_lru_remove() does a list_del_init().
As a result dentry->d_lru is now always empty when a dentry is freed.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
d_path() is used on a <dentry,vfsmount> pair. Lets use a struct path to
reflect this.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build in mm/memory.c]
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Bryan Wu <bryan.wu@analog.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Move and update d_path() kernel API documentation.
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All callers to __d_path pass the dentry and vfsmount of a struct path to
__d_path. Pass the struct path directly, instead.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruen@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* Use struct path in fs_struct.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruen@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The inotify debugging code is supposed to verify that the
DCACHE_INOTIFY_PARENT_WATCHED scalability optimisation does not result in
notifications getting lost nor extra needless locking generated.
Unfortunately there are also some races in the debugging code. And it isn't
very good at finding problems anyway. So remove it for now.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Robert Love <rlove@google.com>
Cc: John McCutchan <ttb@tentacle.dhs.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Cc: Yan Zheng <yanzheng@21cn.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use hlist_unhashed() instead of opencoded equivalent.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Well, it's not especially important that target->d_iname get the contents
of dentry->d_iname, but it's important that it get initialized with
*something*, otherwise we're just exposing some random piece of memory to
anyone who reads the link at /proc/<pid>/fd/<fd> for the deleted file, when
it's still held open by someone.
I've run a test program that copies a short (<36 character) name ontop of a
long (>=36 character) name and see that the first time I run it, without
this patch, I get unpredicatable results out of /proc/<pid>/fd/<fd>.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
New kind of audit rule predicates: "object is visible in given subtree".
The part that can be sanely implemented, that is. Limitations:
* if you have hardlink from outside of tree, you'd better watch
it too (or just watch the object itself, obviously)
* if you mount something under a watched tree, tell audit
that new chunk should be added to watched subtrees
* if you umount something in a watched tree and it's still mounted
elsewhere, you will get matches on events happening there. New command
tells audit to recalculate the trees, trimming such sources of false
positives.
Note that it's _not_ about path - if something mounted in several places
(multiple mount, bindings, different namespaces, etc.), the match does
_not_ depend on which one we are using for access.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This patch makes shrink_dcache_sb consistent with dentry pruning policy.
On the first pass we iterate over dentry unused list and prepare some
dentries for removal.
However, since the existing code moves evicted dentries to the beginning of
the LRU it can happen that fresh dentries from other superblocks will be
inserted *before* our dentries.
This can result in significant slowdown of shrink_dcache_sb(). Moreover,
for virtual filesystems like unionfs which can call dput() during dentries
kill existing code results in O(n^2) complexity.
We observed 2 minutes shrink_dcache_sb() with only 35000 dentries.
To avoid this effects we propose to isolate sb dentries at the end
of LRU list.
Signed-off-by: Denis V. Lunev <den@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrey Mirkin <amirkin@openvz.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
As it stands this comment is confusing, and not quite grammatical.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It looks like in the end all pruners want parents removed.
So remove unused code and function arguments.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since the mempages parameter is actually not used, they should be removed.
Now there is only files_init use the mempages parameter,
files_init(mempages);
but I don't think the adaptation to mempages in files_init is really
useful; and if files_init also changed to the prototype void (*func)(void),
the wrapper vfs_caches_init would also not need the mempages parameter.
Signed-off-by: Denis Cheng <crquan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch marks a number of allocations that are either short-lived such as
network buffers or are reclaimable such as inode allocations. When something
like updatedb is called, long-lived and unmovable kernel allocations tend to
be spread throughout the address space which increases fragmentation.
This patch groups these allocations together as much as possible by adding a
new MIGRATE_TYPE. The MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE type is for allocations that can be
reclaimed on demand, but not moved. i.e. they can be migrated by deleting
them and re-reading the information from elsewhere.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Slab destructors were no longer supported after Christoph's
c59def9f22 change. They've been
BUGs for both slab and slub, and slob never supported them
either.
This rips out support for the dtor pointer from kmem_cache_create()
completely and fixes up every single callsite in the kernel (there were
about 224, not including the slab allocator definitions themselves,
or the documentation references).
Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
I can never remember what the function to register to receive VM pressure
is called. I have to trace down from __alloc_pages() to find it.
It's called "set_shrinker()", and it needs Your Help.
1) Don't hide struct shrinker. It contains no magic.
2) Don't allocate "struct shrinker". It's not helpful.
3) Call them "register_shrinker" and "unregister_shrinker".
4) Call the function "shrink" not "shrinker".
5) Reduce the 17 lines of waffly comments to 13, but document it properly.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove includes of <linux/smp_lock.h> where it is not used/needed.
Suggested by Al Viro.
Builds cleanly on x86_64, i386, alpha, ia64, powerpc, sparc,
sparc64, and arm (all 59 defconfigs).
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
1) Introduces a new method in 'struct dentry_operations'. This method
called d_dname() might be called from d_path() to build a pathname for
special filesystems. It is called without locks.
Future patches (if we succeed in having one common dentry for all
pipes/sockets) may need to change prototype of this method, but we now
use : char *d_dname(struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen);
2) Adds a dynamic_dname() helper function that eases d_dname() implementations
3) Defines d_dname method for sockets : No more sprintf() at socket
creation. This is delayed up to the moment someone does an access to
/proc/pid/fd/...
4) Defines d_dname method for pipes : No more sprintf() at pipe
creation. This is delayed up to the moment someone does an access to
/proc/pid/fd/...
A benchmark consisting of 1.000.000 calls to pipe()/close()/close() gives a
*nice* speedup on my Pentium(M) 1.6 Ghz :
3.090 s instead of 3.450 s
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Teach the dentry slab shrinker to aggressively shrink parent dentries when
shrinking the dentry cache.
This is done to attempt to improve the situation where the dentry slab cache
gets a lot of internal fragmentation due to pages containing directory
dentries. It is expected that this change will cause some of those dentries
to be reaped earlier, and with less scanning.
Needs careful testing.
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The time shrink_dcache_parent() takes, grows quadratically with the depth
of the tree under 'parent'. This starts to get noticable at about 10,000.
These kinds of depths don't occur normally, and filesystems which invoke
shrink_dcache_parent() via d_invalidate() seem to have other depth
dependent timings, so it's not even easy to expose this problem.
However with FUSE it's easy to create a deep tree and d_invalidate()
will also get called. This can make a syscall hang for a very long
time.
This is the original discovery of the problem by Russ Cox:
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.file-systems.fuse.devel/3826
The following patch fixes the quadratic behavior, by optionally allowing
prune_dcache() to prune ancestors of a dentry in one go, instead of doing
it one at a time.
Common code in dput() and prune_one_dentry() is extracted into a new helper
function d_kill().
shrink_dcache_parent() as well as shrink_dcache_sb() are converted to use
the ancestry-pruner option. Only for shrink_dcache_memory() is this
behavior not desirable, so it keeps using the old algorithm.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Maneesh Soni <maneesh@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch provides a new macro
KMEM_CACHE(<struct>, <flags>)
to simplify slab creation. KMEM_CACHE creates a slab with the name of the
struct, with the size of the struct and with the alignment of the struct.
Additional slab flags may be specified if necessary.
Example
struct test_slab {
int a,b,c;
struct list_head;
} __cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
test_slab_cache = KMEM_CACHE(test_slab, SLAB_PANIC)
will create a new slab named "test_slab" of the size sizeof(struct
test_slab) and aligned to the alignment of test slab. If it fails then we
panic.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit eb3dfb0cb1.
It causes some strange Gnome problem with dbus-daemon getting stuck, so
we'll revert it until that problem is understood.
Reported by both walt and Greg KH, who both independently git-bisected
the problem to this commit.
Andreas is looking at it.
Reported-by: walt <wa1ter@myrealbox.com>
Reported-by: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Acked-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruen@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here is a bugfix to d_path.
First, when d_path() hits a lazily unmounted mount point, it tries to
prepend the name of the lazily unmounted dentry to the path name. It gets
this wrong, and also overwrites the slash that separates the name from the
following pathname component. This is demonstrated by the attached test
case, which prints "getcwd returned d_path-bugsubdir" with the bug. The
correct result would be "getcwd returned d_path-bug/subdir".
It could be argued that the name of the root dentry should not be part of
the result of d_path in the first place. On the other hand, what the
unconnected namespace was once reachable as may provide some useful hints
to users, and so that seems okay.
Second, it isn't always possible to tell from the __d_path result whether
the specified root and rootmnt (i.e., the chroot) was reached: lazy
unmounts of bind mounts will produce a path that does start with a
non-slash so we can tell from that, but other lazy unmounts will produce a
path that starts with a slash, just like "ordinary" paths.
The attached patch cleans up __d_path() to fix the bug with overlapping
pathname components. It also adds a @fail_deleted argument, which allows
to get rid of some of the mess in sys_getcwd(). Grabbing the dcache_lock
can then also be moved into __d_path(). The patch also makes sure that
paths will only start with a slash for paths which are connected to the
root and rootmnt.
The @fail_deleted argument could be added to d_path() as well: this would
allow callers to recognize deleted files, without having to resort to the
ambiguous check for the " (deleted)" string at the end of the pathnames.
This is not currently done, but it might be worthwhile.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruen@suse.de>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some dentries don't need to be globally visible in dentry hashtable.
(pipes & sockets)
Such dentries dont need to wait for a RCU grace period at delete time.
Being able to free them permits a better CPU cache use (hot cache)
This patch combined with (dont insert pipe dentries into dentry_hashtable)
reduced time of { pipe(p); close(p[0]); close(p[1]);} on my UP machine (1.6
GHz Pentium-M) from 3.23 us to 2.86 us (But this patch does not depend on
other patches, only bench results)
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Maneesh Soni <maneesh@in.ibm.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Replace all uses of kmem_cache_t with struct kmem_cache.
The patch was generated using the following script:
#!/bin/sh
#
# Replace one string by another in all the kernel sources.
#
set -e
for file in `find * -name "*.c" -o -name "*.h"|xargs grep -l $1`; do
quilt add $file
sed -e "1,\$s/$1/$2/g" $file >/tmp/$$
mv /tmp/$$ $file
quilt refresh
done
The script was run like this
sh replace kmem_cache_t "struct kmem_cache"
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
With Vasily Averin <vvs@sw.ru>
Fix an error in unused dentry counting in shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree()
in which the count is modified without the dcache_lock held.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Vasily Averin <vvs@sw.ru>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
On the the following patch:
http://linux.bkbits.net:8080/linux-2.6/gnupatch@449b144ecSF1rYskg3q-SeR2vf88zg
# ChangeSet
# 2006/06/22 15:05:57-07:00 neilb@suse.de
# [PATCH] Fix dcache race during umount
# If prune_dcache finds a dentry that it cannot free, it leaves it where it
# is (at the tail of the list) and exits, on the assumption that some other
# thread will be removing that dentry soon.
However as far as I see this comment is not correct: when we cannot take
s_umount rw_semaphore (for example because it was taken in do_remount) this
dentry is already extracted from dentry_unused list and we do not add it
into the list again. Therefore dentry will not be found by prune_dcache()
and shrink_dcache_sb() and will leave in memory very long time until the
partition will be unmounted.
The patch adds this dentry into tail of the dentry_unused list.
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@sw.ru>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
If the caller tries to instantiate a directory using an inode that already
has a dentry alias, then we attempt to rename the existing dentry instead
of instantiating a new one. Fail with an ELOOP error if the rename would
affect one of our parent directories.
This behaviour is needed in order to avoid issues such as
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=7178
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: Maneesh Soni <maneesh@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The attached patch destroys all the dentries attached to a superblock in one go
by:
(1) Destroying the tree rooted at s_root.
(2) Destroying every entry in the anon list, one at a time.
(3) Each entry in the anon list has its subtree consumed from the leaves
inwards.
This reduces the amount of work generic_shutdown_super() does, and avoids
iterating through the dentry_unused list.
Note that locking is almost entirely absent in the shrink_dcache_for_umount*()
functions added by this patch. This is because:
(1) at the point the filesystem calls generic_shutdown_super(), it is not
permitted to further touch the superblock's set of dentries, and nor may
it remove aliases from inodes;
(2) the dcache memory shrinker now skips dentries that are being unmounted;
and
(3) the superblock no longer has any external references through which the VFS
can reach it.
Given these points, the only locking we need to do is when we remove dentries
from the unused list and the name hashes, which we do a directory's worth at a
time.
We also don't need to guard against reference counts going to zero unexpectedly
and removing bits of the tree we're working on as nothing else can call dput().
A cut down version of dentry_iput() has been folded into
shrink_dcache_for_umount_subtree() function. Apart from not needing to unlock
things, it also doesn't need to check for inotify watches.
In this version of the patch, the complaint about a dentry still being in use
has been expanded from a single BUG_ON() and now gives much more information.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Acked-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There is a possible race in d_splice_alias. Though __d_find_alias(inode, 1)
will only return a dentry with DCACHE_DISCONNECTED set, it is possible for it
to get cleared before the BUG_ON, and it is is not possible to lock against
that.
There are a couple of problems here. Firstly, the code doesn't match the
comment. The comment describes a 'disconnected' dentry as being IS_ROOT as
well as DCACHE_DISCONNECTED, however there is not testing of IS_ROOT anythere.
A dentry is marked DCACHE_DISCONNECTED when allocated with d_alloc_anon, and
remains DCACHE_DISCONNECTED while a path is built up towards the root. So a
dentry can have a valid name and a valid parent and even grandparent, but will
still be DCACHE_DISCONNECTED until a path to the root is created. Once the
path to the root is complete, everything in the path gets DCACHE_DISCONNECTED
cleared. So the fact that DCACHE_DISCONNECTED isn't enough to say that a
dentry is free to be spliced in with a given name. This can only be allowed
if the dentry does not yet have a name, so the IS_ROOT test is needed too.
However even adding that test to __d_find_alias isn't enough. As
d_splice_alias drops dcache_lock before calling d_move to perform the splice,
it could race with another thread calling d_splice_alias to splice the inode
in with a different name in a different part of the tree (in the case where a
file has hard links). So that splicing code is only really safe for
directories (as we know that directories only have one link). For
directories, the caller of d_splice_alias will be holding i_mutex on the
(unique) parent so there is no room for a race.
A consequence of this is that a non-directory will never benefit from being
spliced into a pre-exisiting dentry, but that isn't a problem. It is
perfectly OK for a non-directory to have multiple dentries, some anonymous,
some not. And the comment for d_splice_alias says that it only happens for
directories anyway.
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Create a new header file, fs/internal.h, for common definitions local to the
sources in the fs/ directory.
Move extern definitions that should be in header files from fs/*.c to
fs/internal.h or other main header files where they span directories.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
The attached patch adds a new directory cache management function that prepares
a disconnected anonymous function to be connected into the dentry tree. The
anonymous dentry is transferred the name and parentage from another dentry.
The following changes were made in [try #2]:
(*) d_materialise_dentry() now switches the parentage of the two nodes around
correctly when one or other of them is self-referential.
The following changes were made in [try #7]:
(*) d_instantiate_unique() has had the interior part split out as function
__d_instantiate_unique(). Callers of this latter function must be holding
the appropriate locks.
(*) _d_rehash() has been added as a wrapper around __d_rehash() to call it
with the most obvious hash list (the one from the name). d_rehash() now
calls _d_rehash().
(*) d_materialise_dentry() is now __d_materialise_dentry() and is static.
(*) d_materialise_unique() added to perform the combination of d_find_alias(),
d_materialise_dentry() and d_add_unique() that the NFS client was doing
twice, all within a single dcache_lock critical section. This reduces the
number of times two different spinlocks were being accessed.
The following further changes were made:
(*) Add the dentries onto their parents d_subdirs lists.
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Teach special (recursive) locking code to the lock validator. Has no effect
on non-lockdep kernels.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Locking init improvement:
- introduce and use __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED for array initializations,
to pass in the name string of locks, used by debugging
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch converts the combination of list_del(A) and list_add(A, B) to
list_move(A, B).
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Cc: Ram Pai <linuxram@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch converts list_add(A, B.prev) to list_add_tail(A, &B) for
readability.
Acked-by: Karsten Keil <kkeil@suse.de>
Cc: Jan Harkes <jaharkes@cs.cmu.edu>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
AOLed-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Sridhar Samudrala <sri@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <mita@miraclelinux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
likely profiling shows that the following is a miss.
After boot:
[+- ] Type | # True | # False | Function:Filename@Line
+unlikely | 1074| 0 prune_dcache()@:fs/dcache.c@409
After a bonnie++ run:
+unlikely | 66716| 19584 prune_dcache()@:fs/dcache.c@409
So remove it.
Signed-off-by: Hua Zhong <hzhong@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Extend the get_sb() filesystem operation to take an extra argument that
permits the VFS to pass in the target vfsmount that defines the mountpoint.
The filesystem is then required to manually set the superblock and root dentry
pointers. For most filesystems, this should be done with simple_set_mnt()
which will set the superblock pointer and then set the root dentry to the
superblock's s_root (as per the old default behaviour).
The get_sb() op now returns an integer as there's now no need to return the
superblock pointer.
This patch permits a superblock to be implicitly shared amongst several mount
points, such as can be done with NFS to avoid potential inode aliasing. In
such a case, simple_set_mnt() would not be called, and instead the mnt_root
and mnt_sb would be set directly.
The patch also makes the following changes:
(*) the get_sb_*() convenience functions in the core kernel now take a vfsmount
pointer argument and return an integer, so most filesystems have to change
very little.
(*) If one of the convenience function is not used, then get_sb() should
normally call simple_set_mnt() to instantiate the vfsmount. This will
always return 0, and so can be tail-called from get_sb().
(*) generic_shutdown_super() now calls shrink_dcache_sb() to clean up the
dcache upon superblock destruction rather than shrink_dcache_anon().
This is required because the superblock may now have multiple trees that
aren't actually bound to s_root, but that still need to be cleaned up. The
currently called functions assume that the whole tree is rooted at s_root,
and that anonymous dentries are not the roots of trees which results in
dentries being left unculled.
However, with the way NFS superblock sharing are currently set to be
implemented, these assumptions are violated: the root of the filesystem is
simply a dummy dentry and inode (the real inode for '/' may well be
inaccessible), and all the vfsmounts are rooted on anonymous[*] dentries
with child trees.
[*] Anonymous until discovered from another tree.
(*) The documentation has been adjusted, including the additional bit of
changing ext2_* into foo_* in the documentation.
[akpm@osdl.org: convert ipath_fs, do other stuff]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- Add description of d_lock handling to comments over prune_one_dentry().
- It has three callsites - uninline it, saving 200 bytes of text.
Cc: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Cc: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Cc: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The race is that the shrink_dcache_memory shrinker could get called while a
filesystem is being unmounted, and could try to prune a dentry belonging to
that filesystem.
If it does, then it will call in to iput on the inode while the dentry is
no longer able to be found by the umounting process. If iput takes a
while, generic_shutdown_super could get all the way though
shrink_dcache_parent and shrink_dcache_anon and invalidate_inodes without
ever waiting on this particular inode.
Eventually the superblock gets freed anyway and if the iput tried to touch
it (which some filesystems certainly do), it will lose. The promised
"Self-destruct in 5 seconds" doesn't lead to a nice day.
The race is closed by holding s_umount while calling prune_one_dentry on
someone else's dentry. As a down_read_trylock is used,
shrink_dcache_memory will no longer try to prune the dentry of a filesystem
that is being unmounted, and unmount will not be able to start until any
such active prune_one_dentry completes.
This requires that prune_dcache *knows* which filesystem (if any) it is
doing the prune on behalf of so that it can be careful of other
filesystems. shrink_dcache_memory isn't called it on behalf of any
filesystem, and so is careful of everything.
shrink_dcache_anon is now passed a super_block rather than the s_anon list
out of the superblock, so it can get the s_anon list itself, and can pass
the superblock down to prune_dcache.
If prune_dcache finds a dentry that it cannot free, it leaves it where it
is (at the tail of the list) and exits, on the assumption that some other
thread will be removing that dentry soon. To try to make sure that some
work gets done, a limited number of dnetries which are untouchable are
skipped over while choosing the dentry to work on.
I believe this race was first found by Kirill Korotaev.
Cc: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Acked-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Cc: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
It is very common to hash a dentry and then to call lookup. If we take fs
specific hash functions into account the full hash logic can get ugly.
Further full_name_hash as an inline function is almost 100 bytes on x86 so
having a non-inline choice in some cases can measurably decrease code size.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
IN_DELETE events are no longer generated for the removal of a file from a
watched directory.
This seems to be a result of clearing DCACHE_INOTIFY_PARENT_WATCHED in
d_delete() directly before calling fsnotify_nameremove().
Assuming the flag doesn't need to be cleared before dentry_iput(), this
should do the trick.
Signed-off-by: Amy Griffis <amy.griffis@hp.com>
Cc: John McCutchan <ttb@tentacle.dhs.org>
Acked-by: Robert Love <rml@novell.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bunk/trivial:
drivers/char/ftape/lowlevel/fdc-io.c: Correct a comment
Kconfig help: MTD_JEDECPROBE already supports Intel
Remove ugly debugging stuff
do_mounts.c: Minor ROOT_DEV comment cleanup
BUG_ON() Conversion in drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in mm/mempool.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in mm/memory.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in kernel/fork.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in ipc/sem.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in fs/ext2/
BUG_ON() Conversion in fs/hfs/
BUG_ON() Conversion in fs/dcache.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in fs/buffer.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in input/serio/hp_sdc_mlc.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in md/dm-table.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in md/dm-path-selector.c
BUG_ON() Conversion in drivers/isdn
BUG_ON() Conversion in drivers/char
BUG_ON() Conversion in drivers/mtd/
I discovered on oprofile hunting on a SMP platform that dentry lookups were
slowed down because d_hash_mask, d_hash_shift and dentry_hashtable were in
a cache line that contained inodes_stat. So each time inodes_stats is
changed by a cpu, other cpus have to refill their cache line.
This patch moves some variables to the __read_mostly section, in order to
avoid false sharing. RCU dentry lookups can go full speed.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
this changes if() BUG(); constructs to BUG_ON() which is
cleaner and can better optimized away
Signed-off-by: Eric Sesterhenn <snakebyte@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
This patch reduces scheduling latency in shrink_dcache_sb() noticed during
remounting of big partitions with many cached dentries. The same latency
fix was applied to select_parent() long ago.
Signed-off-by: Denis Lunev <den@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Previous inotify work avoidance is good when inotify is completely unused,
but it breaks down if even a single watch is in place anywhere in the
system. Robin Holt notices that udev is one such culprit - it slows down a
512-thread application on a 512 CPU system from 6 seconds to 22 minutes.
Solve this by adding a flag in the dentry that tells inotify whether or not
its parent inode has a watch on it. Event queueing to parent will skip
taking locks if this flag is cleared. Setting and clearing of this flag on
all child dentries versus event delivery: this is no in terms of race
cases, and that was shown to be equivalent to always performing the check.
The essential behaviour is that activity occuring _after_ a watch has been
added and _before_ it has been removed, will generate events.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Robert Love <rml@novell.com>
Cc: John McCutchan <ttb@tentacle.dhs.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The attached patch optimises d_find_alias() to only take the spinlock if
there's anything in the the inode's alias list. If there isn't, it returns
NULL immediately.
With respect to the superblock sharing patch, this should reduce by one the
number of times the dcache_lock is taken by nfs_lookup() for ordinary
directory lookups.
Only in the case where there's already a dentry for particular directory inode
(such as might happen when another mountpoint is rooted at that dentry) will
the lock then be taken the extra time.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Change the kmem_cache_create calls for certain slab caches to support cpuset
memory spreading.
See the previous patches, cpuset_mem_spread, for an explanation of cpuset
memory spreading, and cpuset_mem_spread_slab_cache for the slab cache support
for memory spreading.
The slab caches marked for now are: dentry_cache, inode_cache, some xfs slab
caches, and buffer_head. This list may change over time. In particular,
other file system types that are used extensively on large NUMA systems may
want to allow for spreading their directory and inode slab cache entries.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
I have benchmarked this on an x86_64 NUMA system and see no significant
performance difference on kernbench. Tested on both x86_64 and powerpc.
The way we do file struct accounting is not very suitable for batched
freeing. For scalability reasons, file accounting was
constructor/destructor based. This meant that nr_files was decremented
only when the object was removed from the slab cache. This is susceptible
to slab fragmentation. With RCU based file structure, consequent batched
freeing and a test program like Serge's, we just speed this up and end up
with a very fragmented slab -
llm22:~ # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
587730 0 758844
At the same time, I see only a 2000+ objects in filp cache. The following
patch I fixes this problem.
This patch changes the file counting by removing the filp_count_lock.
Instead we use a separate percpu counter, nr_files, for now and all
accesses to it are through get_nr_files() api. In the sysctl handler for
nr_files, we populate files_stat.nr_files before returning to user.
Counting files as an when they are created and destroyed (as opposed to
inside slab) allows us to correctly count open files with RCU.
Signed-off-by: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Shrinks "struct dentry" from 128 bytes to 124 on x86, allowing 31 objects
per slab instead of 30.
Cc: John Levon <levon@movementarian.org>
Cc: Philippe Elie <phil.el@wanadoo.fr>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the "inline" keyword from a bunch of big functions in the kernel with
the goal of shrinking it by 30kb to 40kb
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
If we have found aliased dentry that we return, inode reference is not
dropped and inode is not attached anywhere, so it seems the reference to
inode is leaked in that case.
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>,
Cc: <viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Some long time ago, dentry struct was carefully tuned so that on 32 bits
UP, sizeof(struct dentry) was exactly 128, ie a power of 2, and a multiple
of memory cache lines.
Then RCU was added and dentry struct enlarged by two pointers, with nice
results for SMP, but not so good on UP, because breaking the above tuning
(128 + 8 = 136 bytes)
This patch reverts this unwanted side effect, by using an union (d_u),
where d_rcu and d_child are placed so that these two fields can share their
memory needs.
At the time d_free() is called (and d_rcu is really used), d_child is known
to be empty and not touched by the dentry freeing.
Lockless lookups only access d_name, d_parent, d_lock, d_op, d_flags (so
the previous content of d_child is not needed if said dentry was unhashed
but still accessed by a CPU because of RCU constraints)
As dentry cache easily contains millions of entries, a size reduction is
worth the extra complexity of the ugly C union.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Maneesh Soni <maneesh@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ftp.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@epoch.ncsc.mil>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the hlist_for_each_rcu() API, which is used only in one place, and
is trivially converted to hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(), making the code
shorter and more readable. Any out-of-tree uses may be similarly
converted.
Signed-off-by: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- ->releasepage() annotated (s/int/gfp_t), instances updated
- missing gfp_t in fs/* added
- fixed misannotation from the original sweep caught by bitwise checks:
XFS used __nocast both for gfp_t and for flags used by XFS allocator.
The latter left with unsigned int __nocast; we might want to add a
different type for those but for now let's leave them alone. That,
BTW, is a case when __nocast use had been actively confusing - it had
been used in the same code for two different and similar types, with
no way to catch misuses. Switch of gfp_t to bitwise had caught that
immediately...
One tricky bit is left alone to be dealt with later - mapping->flags is
a mix of gfp_t and error indications. Left alone for now.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
First one is list_for_each_entry (thanks maks), second 2 list_for_each_safe.
Signed-off-by: Maximilian Attems <janitor@sternwelten.at>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The patch below unhooks fsnotify from vfs_unlink & vfs_rmdir. It
introduces two new fsnotify calls, that are hooked in at the dcache
level. This not only more closely matches how the VFS layer works, it
also avoids the problem with locking and inode lifetimes.
The two functions are
- fsnotify_nameremove -- called when a directory entry is going away.
It notifies the PARENT of the deletion. This is called from
d_delete().
- inoderemove -- called when the files inode itself is going away. It
notifies the inode that is being deleted. This is called from
dentry_iput().
Signed-off-by: John McCutchan <ttb@tentacle.dhs.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch makes some needlessly global identifiers static.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Acked-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjanv@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
