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* pm-docs:
  PM: docs: Delete the obsolete states.txt document
  PM: docs: Describe high-level PM strategies and sleep states
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Documentation/admin-guide/pm/index.rst
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.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
cpufreq
intel_pstate
.. only:: subproject and html
Indices
=======
* :ref:`genindex`
strategies
system-wide
working-state

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===================
System Sleep States
===================
::
Copyright (c) 2017 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Sleep states are global low-power states of the entire system in which user
space code cannot be executed and the overall system activity is significantly
reduced.
Sleep States That Can Be Supported
==================================
Depending on its configuration and the capabilities of the platform it runs on,
the Linux kernel can support up to four system sleep states, includig
hibernation and up to three variants of system suspend. The sleep states that
can be supported by the kernel are listed below.
.. _s2idle:
Suspend-to-Idle
---------------
This is a generic, pure software, light-weight variant of system suspend (also
referred to as S2I or S2Idle). It allows more energy to be saved relative to
runtime idle by freezing user space, suspending the timekeeping and putting all
I/O devices into low-power states (possibly lower-power than available in the
working state), such that the processors can spend time in their deepest idle
states while the system is suspended.
The system is woken up from this state by in-band interrupts, so theoretically
any devices that can cause interrupts to be generated in the working state can
also be set up as wakeup devices for S2Idle.
This state can be used on platforms without support for :ref:`standby <standby>`
or :ref:`suspend-to-RAM <s2ram>`, or it can be used in addition to any of the
deeper system suspend variants to provide reduced resume latency. It is always
supported if the :c:macro:`CONFIG_SUSPEND` kernel configuration option is set.
.. _standby:
Standby
-------
This state, if supported, offers moderate, but real, energy savings, while
providing a relatively straightforward transition back to the working state. No
operating state is lost (the system core logic retains power), so the system can
go back to where it left off easily enough.
In addition to freezing user space, suspending the timekeeping and putting all
I/O devices into low-power states, which is done for :ref:`suspend-to-idle
<s2idle>` too, nonboot CPUs are taken offline and all low-level system functions
are suspended during transitions into this state. For this reason, it should
allow more energy to be saved relative to :ref:`suspend-to-idle <s2idle>`, but
the resume latency will generally be greater than for that state.
The set of devices that can wake up the system from this state usually is
reduced relative to :ref:`suspend-to-idle <s2idle>` and it may be necessary to
rely on the platform for setting up the wakeup functionality as appropriate.
This state is supported if the :c:macro:`CONFIG_SUSPEND` kernel configuration
option is set and the support for it is registered by the platform with the
core system suspend subsystem. On ACPI-based systems this state is mapped to
the S1 system state defined by ACPI.
.. _s2ram:
Suspend-to-RAM
--------------
This state (also referred to as STR or S2RAM), if supported, offers significant
energy savings as everything in the system is put into a low-power state, except
for memory, which should be placed into the self-refresh mode to retain its
contents. All of the steps carried out when entering :ref:`standby <standby>`
are also carried out during transitions to S2RAM. Additional operations may
take place depending on the platform capabilities. In particular, on ACPI-based
systems the kernel passes control to the platform firmware (BIOS) as the last
step during S2RAM transitions and that usually results in powering down some
more low-level components that are not directly controlled by the kernel.
The state of devices and CPUs is saved and held in memory. All devices are
suspended and put into low-power states. In many cases, all peripheral buses
lose power when entering S2RAM, so devices must be able to handle the transition
back to the "on" state.
On ACPI-based systems S2RAM requires some minimal boot-strapping code in the
platform firmware to resume the system from it. This may be the case on other
platforms too.
The set of devices that can wake up the system from S2RAM usually is reduced
relative to :ref:`suspend-to-idle <s2idle>` and :ref:`standby <standby>` and it
may be necessary to rely on the platform for setting up the wakeup functionality
as appropriate.
S2RAM is supported if the :c:macro:`CONFIG_SUSPEND` kernel configuration option
is set and the support for it is registered by the platform with the core system
suspend subsystem. On ACPI-based systems it is mapped to the S3 system state
defined by ACPI.
.. _hibernation:
Hibernation
-----------
This state (also referred to as Suspend-to-Disk or STD) offers the greatest
energy savings and can be used even in the absence of low-level platform support
for system suspend. However, it requires some low-level code for resuming the
system to be present for the underlying CPU architecture.
Hibernation is significantly different from any of the system suspend variants.
It takes three system state changes to put it into hibernation and two system
state changes to resume it.
First, when hibernation is triggered, the kernel stops all system activity and
creates a snapshot image of memory to be written into persistent storage. Next,
the system goes into a state in which the snapshot image can be saved, the image
is written out and finally the system goes into the target low-power state in
which power is cut from almost all of its hardware components, including memory,
except for a limited set of wakeup devices.
Once the snapshot image has been written out, the system may either enter a
special low-power state (like ACPI S4), or it may simply power down itself.
Powering down means minimum power draw and it allows this mechanism to work on
any system. However, entering a special low-power state may allow additional
means of system wakeup to be used (e.g. pressing a key on the keyboard or
opening a laptop lid).
After wakeup, control goes to the platform firmware that runs a boot loader
which boots a fresh instance of the kernel (control may also go directly to
the boot loader, depending on the system configuration, but anyway it causes
a fresh instance of the kernel to be booted). That new instance of the kernel
(referred to as the ``restore kernel``) looks for a hibernation image in
persistent storage and if one is found, it is loaded into memory. Next, all
activity in the system is stopped and the restore kernel overwrites itself with
the image contents and jumps into a special trampoline area in the original
kernel stored in the image (referred to as the ``image kernel``), which is where
the special architecture-specific low-level code is needed. Finally, the
image kernel restores the system to the pre-hibernation state and allows user
space to run again.
Hibernation is supported if the :c:macro:`CONFIG_HIBERNATION` kernel
configuration option is set. However, this option can only be set if support
for the given CPU architecture includes the low-level code for system resume.
Basic ``sysfs`` Interfaces for System Suspend and Hibernation
=============================================================
The following files located in the :file:`/sys/power/` directory can be used by
user space for sleep states control.
``state``
This file contains a list of strings representing sleep states supported
by the kernel. Writing one of these strings into it causes the kernel
to start a transition of the system into the sleep state represented by
that string.
In particular, the strings "disk", "freeze" and "standby" represent the
:ref:`hibernation <hibernation>`, :ref:`suspend-to-idle <s2idle>` and
:ref:`standby <standby>` sleep states, respectively. The string "mem"
is interpreted in accordance with the contents of the ``mem_sleep`` file
described below.
If the kernel does not support any system sleep states, this file is
not present.
``mem_sleep``
This file contains a list of strings representing supported system
suspend variants and allows user space to select the variant to be
associated with the "mem" string in the ``state`` file described above.
The strings that may be present in this file are "s2idle", "shallow"
and "deep". The string "s2idle" always represents :ref:`suspend-to-idle
<s2idle>` and, by convention, "shallow" and "deep" represent
:ref:`standby <standby>` and :ref:`suspend-to-RAM <s2ram>`,
respectively.
Writing one of the listed strings into this file causes the system
suspend variant represented by it to be associated with the "mem" string
in the ``state`` file. The string representing the suspend variant
currently associated with the "mem" string in the ``state`` file
is listed in square brackets.
If the kernel does not support system suspend, this file is not present.
``disk``
This file contains a list of strings representing different operations
that can be carried out after the hibernation image has been saved. The
possible options are as follows:
``platform``
Put the system into a special low-power state (e.g. ACPI S4) to
make additional wakeup options available and possibly allow the
platform firmware to take a simplified initialization path after
wakeup.
``shutdown``
Power off the system.
``reboot``
Reboot the system (useful for diagnostics mostly).
``suspend``
Hybrid system suspend. Put the system into the suspend sleep
state selected through the ``mem_sleep`` file described above.
If the system is successfully woken up from that state, discard
the hibernation image and continue. Otherwise, use the image
to restore the previous state of the system.
``test_resume``
Diagnostic operation. Load the image as though the system had
just woken up from hibernation and the currently running kernel
instance was a restore kernel and follow up with full system
resume.
Writing one of the listed strings into this file causes the option
represented by it to be selected.
The currently selected option is shown in square brackets which means
that the operation represented by it will be carried out after creating
and saving the image next time hibernation is triggered by writing
``disk`` to :file:`/sys/power/state`.
If the kernel does not support hibernation, this file is not present.
According to the above, there are two ways to make the system go into the
:ref:`suspend-to-idle <s2idle>` state. The first one is to write "freeze"
directly to :file:`/sys/power/state`. The second one is to write "s2idle" to
:file:`/sys/power/mem_sleep` and then to write "mem" to
:file:`/sys/power/state`. Likewise, there are two ways to make the system go
into the :ref:`standby <standby>` state (the strings to write to the control
files in that case are "standby" or "shallow" and "mem", respectively) if that
state is supported by the platform. However, there is only one way to make the
system go into the :ref:`suspend-to-RAM <s2ram>` state (write "deep" into
:file:`/sys/power/mem_sleep` and "mem" into :file:`/sys/power/state`).
The default suspend variant (ie. the one to be used without writing anything
into :file:`/sys/power/mem_sleep`) is either "deep" (on the majority of systems
supporting :ref:`suspend-to-RAM <s2ram>`) or "s2idle", but it can be overridden
by the value of the "mem_sleep_default" parameter in the kernel command line.
On some ACPI-based systems, depending on the information in the ACPI tables, the
default may be "s2idle" even if :ref:`suspend-to-RAM <s2ram>` is supported.

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===========================
Power Management Strategies
===========================
::
Copyright (c) 2017 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The Linux kernel supports two major high-level power management strategies.
One of them is based on using global low-power states of the whole system in
which user space code cannot be executed and the overall system activity is
significantly reduced, referred to as :doc:`sleep states <sleep-states>`. The
kernel puts the system into one of these states when requested by user space
and the system stays in it until a special signal is received from one of
designated devices, triggering a transition to the ``working state`` in which
user space code can run. Because sleep states are global and the whole system
is affected by the state changes, this strategy is referred to as the
:doc:`system-wide power management <system-wide>`.
The other strategy, referred to as the :doc:`working-state power management
<working-state>`, is based on adjusting the power states of individual hardware
components of the system, as needed, in the working state. In consequence, if
this strategy is in use, the working state of the system usually does not
correspond to any particular physical configuration of it, but can be treated as
a metastate covering a range of different power states of the system in which
the individual components of it can be either ``active`` (in use) or
``inactive`` (idle). If they are active, they have to be in power states
allowing them to process data and to be accessed by software. In turn, if they
are inactive, ideally, they should be in low-power states in which they may not
be accessible.
If all of the system components are active, the system as a whole is regarded as
"runtime active" and that situation typically corresponds to the maximum power
draw (or maximum energy usage) of it. If all of them are inactive, the system
as a whole is regarded as "runtime idle" which may be very close to a sleep
state from the physical system configuration and power draw perspective, but
then it takes much less time and effort to start executing user space code than
for the same system in a sleep state. However, transitions from sleep states
back to the working state can only be started by a limited set of devices, so
typically the system can spend much more time in a sleep state than it can be
runtime idle in one go. For this reason, systems usually use less energy in
sleep states than when they are runtime idle most of the time.
Moreover, the two power management strategies address different usage scenarios.
Namely, if the user indicates that the system will not be in use going forward,
for example by closing its lid (if the system is a laptop), it probably should
go into a sleep state at that point. On the other hand, if the user simply goes
away from the laptop keyboard, it probably should stay in the working state and
use the working-state power management in case it becomes idle, because the user
may come back to it at any time and then may want the system to be immediately
accessible.

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============================
System-Wide Power Management
============================
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
sleep-states

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==============================
Working-State Power Management
==============================
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
cpufreq
intel_pstate

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System Power Management Sleep States
(C) 2014 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
The kernel supports up to four system sleep states generically, although three
of them depend on the platform support code to implement the low-level details
for each state.
The states are represented by strings that can be read or written to the
/sys/power/state file. Those strings may be "mem", "standby", "freeze" and
"disk", where the last three always represent Power-On Suspend (if supported),
Suspend-To-Idle and hibernation (Suspend-To-Disk), respectively.
The meaning of the "mem" string is controlled by the /sys/power/mem_sleep file.
It contains strings representing the available modes of system suspend that may
be triggered by writing "mem" to /sys/power/state. These modes are "s2idle"
(Suspend-To-Idle), "shallow" (Power-On Suspend) and "deep" (Suspend-To-RAM).
The "s2idle" mode is always available, while the other ones are only available
if supported by the platform (if not supported, the strings representing them
are not present in /sys/power/mem_sleep). The string representing the suspend
mode to be used subsequently is enclosed in square brackets. Writing one of
the other strings present in /sys/power/mem_sleep to it causes the suspend mode
to be used subsequently to change to the one represented by that string.
Consequently, there are two ways to cause the system to go into the
Suspend-To-Idle sleep state. The first one is to write "freeze" directly to
/sys/power/state. The second one is to write "s2idle" to /sys/power/mem_sleep
and then to write "mem" to /sys/power/state. Similarly, there are two ways
to cause the system to go into the Power-On Suspend sleep state (the strings to
write to the control files in that case are "standby" or "shallow" and "mem",
respectively) if that state is supported by the platform. In turn, there is
only one way to cause the system to go into the Suspend-To-RAM state (write
"deep" into /sys/power/mem_sleep and "mem" into /sys/power/state).
The default suspend mode (ie. the one to be used without writing anything into
/sys/power/mem_sleep) is either "deep" (if Suspend-To-RAM is supported) or
"s2idle", but it can be overridden by the value of the "mem_sleep_default"
parameter in the kernel command line. On some ACPI-based systems, depending on
the information in the FADT, the default may be "s2idle" even if Suspend-To-RAM
is supported.
The properties of all of the sleep states are described below.
State: Suspend-To-Idle
ACPI state: S0
Label: "s2idle" ("freeze")
This state is a generic, pure software, light-weight, system sleep state.
It allows more energy to be saved relative to runtime idle by freezing user
space and putting all I/O devices into low-power states (possibly
lower-power than available at run time), such that the processors can
spend more time in their idle states.
This state can be used for platforms without Power-On Suspend/Suspend-to-RAM
support, or it can be used in addition to Suspend-to-RAM to provide reduced
resume latency. It is always supported.
State: Standby / Power-On Suspend
ACPI State: S1
Label: "shallow" ("standby")
This state, if supported, offers moderate, though real, power savings, while
providing a relatively low-latency transition back to a working system. No
operating state is lost (the CPU retains power), so the system easily starts up
again where it left off.
In addition to freezing user space and putting all I/O devices into low-power
states, which is done for Suspend-To-Idle too, nonboot CPUs are taken offline
and all low-level system functions are suspended during transitions into this
state. For this reason, it should allow more energy to be saved relative to
Suspend-To-Idle, but the resume latency will generally be greater than for that
state.
State: Suspend-to-RAM
ACPI State: S3
Label: "deep"
This state, if supported, offers significant power savings as everything in the
system is put into a low-power state, except for memory, which should be placed
into the self-refresh mode to retain its contents. All of the steps carried out
when entering Power-On Suspend are also carried out during transitions to STR.
Additional operations may take place depending on the platform capabilities. In
particular, on ACPI systems the kernel passes control to the BIOS (platform
firmware) as the last step during STR transitions and that usually results in
powering down some more low-level components that aren't directly controlled by
the kernel.
System and device state is saved and kept in memory. All devices are suspended
and put into low-power states. In many cases, all peripheral buses lose power
when entering STR, so devices must be able to handle the transition back to the
"on" state.
For at least ACPI, STR requires some minimal boot-strapping code to resume the
system from it. This may be the case on other platforms too.
State: Suspend-to-disk
ACPI State: S4
Label: "disk"
This state offers the greatest power savings, and can be used even in
the absence of low-level platform support for power management. This
state operates similarly to Suspend-to-RAM, but includes a final step
of writing memory contents to disk. On resume, this is read and memory
is restored to its pre-suspend state.
STD can be handled by the firmware or the kernel. If it is handled by
the firmware, it usually requires a dedicated partition that must be
setup via another operating system for it to use. Despite the
inconvenience, this method requires minimal work by the kernel, since
the firmware will also handle restoring memory contents on resume.
For suspend-to-disk, a mechanism called 'swsusp' (Swap Suspend) is used
to write memory contents to free swap space. swsusp has some restrictive
requirements, but should work in most cases. Some, albeit outdated,
documentation can be found in Documentation/power/swsusp.txt.
Alternatively, userspace can do most of the actual suspend to disk work,
see userland-swsusp.txt.
Once memory state is written to disk, the system may either enter a
low-power state (like ACPI S4), or it may simply power down. Powering
down offers greater savings, and allows this mechanism to work on any
system. However, entering a real low-power state allows the user to
trigger wake up events (e.g. pressing a key or opening a laptop lid).