xen-blkback: implement LRU mechanism for persistent grants

This mechanism allows blkback to change the number of grants
persistently mapped at run time.

The algorithm uses a simple LRU mechanism that removes (if needed) the
persistent grants that have not been used since the last LRU run, or
if all grants have been used it removes the first grants in the list
(that are not in use).

The algorithm allows the user to change the maximum number of
persistent grants, by changing max_persistent_grants in sysfs.

Since we are storing the persistent grants used inside the request
struct (to be able to mark them as "unused" when unmapping), we no
longer need the bitmap (unmap_seg).

Signed-off-by: Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xen.org
Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>

Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-xen-backend

@@ -81,3 +81,13 @@ Contact:        Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
 Description:
                 Maximum number of free pages to keep in each block
                 backend buffer.
+
+What:           /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_persistent_grants
+Date:           March 2013
+KernelVersion:  3.10
+Contact:        Roger Pau Monné <roger.pau@citrix.com>
+Description:
+                Maximum number of grants to map persistently in
+                blkback. If the frontend tries to use more than
+                max_persistent_grants, the LRU kicks in and starts
+                removing 5% of max_persistent_grants every 100ms.

drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c

@@ -78,6 +78,36 @@ module_param_named(max_buffer_pages, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages, int, 0644);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(max_buffer_pages,
 "Maximum number of free pages to keep in each block backend buffer");
 
+/*
+ * Maximum number of grants to map persistently in blkback. For maximum
+ * performance this should be the total numbers of grants that can be used
+ * to fill the ring, but since this might become too high, specially with
+ * the use of indirect descriptors, we set it to a value that provides good
+ * performance without using too much memory.
+ *
+ * When the list of persistent grants is full we clean it up using a LRU
+ * algorithm.
+ */
+
+static int xen_blkif_max_pgrants = 352;
+module_param_named(max_persistent_grants, xen_blkif_max_pgrants, int, 0644);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(max_persistent_grants,
+                 "Maximum number of grants to map persistently");
+
+/*
+ * The LRU mechanism to clean the lists of persistent grants needs to
+ * be executed periodically. The time interval between consecutive executions
+ * of the purge mechanism is set in ms.
+ */
+#define LRU_INTERVAL 100
+
+/*
+ * When the persistent grants list is full we will remove unused grants
+ * from the list. The percent number of grants to be removed at each LRU
+ * execution.
+ */
+#define LRU_PERCENT_CLEAN 5
+
 /* Run-time switchable: /sys/module/blkback/parameters/ */
 static unsigned int log_stats;
 module_param(log_stats, int, 0644);
@@ -96,8 +126,8 @@ struct pending_req {
 	unsigned short		operation;
 	int			status;
 	struct list_head	free_list;
-	DECLARE_BITMAP(unmap_seg, BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST);
 	struct page		*pages[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
+	struct persistent_gnt	*persistent_gnts[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
 };
 
 #define BLKBACK_INVALID_HANDLE (~0)
@@ -118,36 +148,6 @@ struct xen_blkbk {
 
 static struct xen_blkbk *blkbk;
 
-/*
- * Maximum number of grant pages that can be mapped in blkback.
- * BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST * RING_SIZE is the maximum number of
- * pages that blkback will persistently map.
- * Currently, this is:
- * RING_SIZE = 32 (for all known ring types)
- * BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST = 11
- * sizeof(struct persistent_gnt) = 48
- * So the maximum memory used to store the grants is:
- * 32 * 11 * 48 = 16896 bytes
- */
-static inline unsigned int max_mapped_grant_pages(enum blkif_protocol protocol)
-{
-	switch (protocol) {
-	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_NATIVE:
-		return __CONST_RING_SIZE(blkif, PAGE_SIZE) *
-			   BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST;
-	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_32:
-		return __CONST_RING_SIZE(blkif_x86_32, PAGE_SIZE) *
-			   BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST;
-	case BLKIF_PROTOCOL_X86_64:
-		return __CONST_RING_SIZE(blkif_x86_64, PAGE_SIZE) *
-			   BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST;
-	default:
-		BUG();
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-
 /*
  * Little helpful macro to figure out the index and virtual address of the
  * pending_pages[..]. For each 'pending_req' we have have up to
@@ -239,13 +239,29 @@ static void make_response(struct xen_blkif *blkif, u64 id,
 	     (n) = (&(pos)->node != NULL) ? rb_next(&(pos)->node) : NULL)
 
 
-static int add_persistent_gnt(struct rb_root *root,
+/*
+ * We don't need locking around the persistent grant helpers
+ * because blkback uses a single-thread for each backed, so we
+ * can be sure that this functions will never be called recursively.
+ *
+ * The only exception to that is put_persistent_grant, that can be called
+ * from interrupt context (by xen_blkbk_unmap), so we have to use atomic
+ * bit operations to modify the flags of a persistent grant and to count
+ * the number of used grants.
+ */
+static int add_persistent_gnt(struct xen_blkif *blkif,
 			       struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt)
 {
-	struct rb_node **new = &(root->rb_node), *parent = NULL;
+	struct rb_node **new = NULL, *parent = NULL;
 	struct persistent_gnt *this;
 
+	if (blkif->persistent_gnt_c >= xen_blkif_max_pgrants) {
+		if (!blkif->vbd.overflow_max_grants)
+			blkif->vbd.overflow_max_grants = 1;
+		return -EBUSY;
+	}
 	/* Figure out where to put new node */
+	new = &blkif->persistent_gnts.rb_node;
 	while (*new) {
 		this = container_of(*new, struct persistent_gnt, node);
 
@@ -260,18 +276,23 @@ static int add_persistent_gnt(struct rb_root *root,
 		}
 	}
 
+	bitmap_zero(persistent_gnt->flags, PERSISTENT_GNT_FLAGS_SIZE);
+	set_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags);
 	/* Add new node and rebalance tree. */
 	rb_link_node(&(persistent_gnt->node), parent, new);
-	rb_insert_color(&(persistent_gnt->node), root);
+	rb_insert_color(&(persistent_gnt->node), &blkif->persistent_gnts);
+	blkif->persistent_gnt_c++;
+	atomic_inc(&blkif->persistent_gnt_in_use);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static struct persistent_gnt *get_persistent_gnt(struct rb_root *root,
+static struct persistent_gnt *get_persistent_gnt(struct xen_blkif *blkif,
 						 grant_ref_t gref)
 {
 	struct persistent_gnt *data;
-	struct rb_node *node = root->rb_node;
+	struct rb_node *node = NULL;
 
+	node = blkif->persistent_gnts.rb_node;
 	while (node) {
 		data = container_of(node, struct persistent_gnt, node);
 
@@ -279,12 +300,29 @@ static struct persistent_gnt *get_persistent_gnt(struct rb_root *root,
 			node = node->rb_left;
 		else if (gref > data->gnt)
 			node = node->rb_right;
-		else
+		else {
+			if(test_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, data->flags)) {
+				pr_alert_ratelimited(DRV_PFX " requesting a grant already in use\n");
+				return NULL;
+			}
+			set_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, data->flags);
+			atomic_inc(&blkif->persistent_gnt_in_use);
 			return data;
+		}
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+static void put_persistent_gnt(struct xen_blkif *blkif,
+                               struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt)
+{
+	if(!test_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags))
+	          pr_alert_ratelimited(DRV_PFX " freeing a grant already unused");
+	set_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_WAS_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags);
+	clear_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags);
+	atomic_dec(&blkif->persistent_gnt_in_use);
+}
+
 static void free_persistent_gnts(struct xen_blkif *blkif, struct rb_root *root,
                                  unsigned int num)
 {
@@ -322,6 +360,129 @@ static void free_persistent_gnts(struct xen_blkif *blkif, struct rb_root *root,
 	BUG_ON(num != 0);
 }
 
+static void unmap_purged_grants(struct work_struct *work)
+{
+	struct gnttab_unmap_grant_ref unmap[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
+	struct page *pages[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
+	struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt;
+	int ret, segs_to_unmap = 0;
+	struct xen_blkif *blkif = container_of(work, typeof(*blkif), persistent_purge_work);
+
+	while(!list_empty(&blkif->persistent_purge_list)) {
+		persistent_gnt = list_first_entry(&blkif->persistent_purge_list,
+		                                  struct persistent_gnt,
+		                                  remove_node);
+		list_del(&persistent_gnt->remove_node);
+
+		gnttab_set_unmap_op(&unmap[segs_to_unmap],
+			vaddr(persistent_gnt->page),
+			GNTMAP_host_map,
+			persistent_gnt->handle);
+
+		pages[segs_to_unmap] = persistent_gnt->page;
+
+		if (++segs_to_unmap == BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST) {
+			ret = gnttab_unmap_refs(unmap, NULL, pages,
+				segs_to_unmap);
+			BUG_ON(ret);
+			put_free_pages(blkif, pages, segs_to_unmap);
+			segs_to_unmap = 0;
+		}
+		kfree(persistent_gnt);
+	}
+	if (segs_to_unmap > 0) {
+		ret = gnttab_unmap_refs(unmap, NULL, pages, segs_to_unmap);
+		BUG_ON(ret);
+		put_free_pages(blkif, pages, segs_to_unmap);
+	}
+}
+
+static void purge_persistent_gnt(struct xen_blkif *blkif)
+{
+	struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt;
+	struct rb_node *n;
+	unsigned int num_clean, total;
+	bool scan_used = false;
+	struct rb_root *root;
+
+	if (blkif->persistent_gnt_c < xen_blkif_max_pgrants ||
+	    (blkif->persistent_gnt_c == xen_blkif_max_pgrants &&
+	    !blkif->vbd.overflow_max_grants)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (work_pending(&blkif->persistent_purge_work)) {
+		pr_alert_ratelimited(DRV_PFX "Scheduled work from previous purge is still pending, cannot purge list\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	num_clean = (xen_blkif_max_pgrants / 100) * LRU_PERCENT_CLEAN;
+	num_clean = blkif->persistent_gnt_c - xen_blkif_max_pgrants + num_clean;
+	num_clean = min(blkif->persistent_gnt_c, num_clean);
+	if (num_clean >
+	    (blkif->persistent_gnt_c -
+	    atomic_read(&blkif->persistent_gnt_in_use)))
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point, we can assure that there will be no calls
+         * to get_persistent_grant (because we are executing this code from
+         * xen_blkif_schedule), there can only be calls to put_persistent_gnt,
+         * which means that the number of currently used grants will go down,
+         * but never up, so we will always be able to remove the requested
+         * number of grants.
+	 */
+
+	total = num_clean;
+
+	pr_debug(DRV_PFX "Going to purge %u persistent grants\n", num_clean);
+
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&blkif->persistent_purge_list);
+	root = &blkif->persistent_gnts;
+purge_list:
+	foreach_grant_safe(persistent_gnt, n, root, node) {
+		BUG_ON(persistent_gnt->handle ==
+			BLKBACK_INVALID_HANDLE);
+
+		if (test_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags))
+			continue;
+		if (!scan_used &&
+		    (test_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_WAS_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags)))
+			continue;
+
+		rb_erase(&persistent_gnt->node, root);
+		list_add(&persistent_gnt->remove_node,
+		         &blkif->persistent_purge_list);
+		if (--num_clean == 0)
+			goto finished;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * If we get here it means we also need to start cleaning
+	 * grants that were used since last purge in order to cope
+	 * with the requested num
+	 */
+	if (!scan_used) {
+		pr_debug(DRV_PFX "Still missing %u purged frames\n", num_clean);
+		scan_used = true;
+		goto purge_list;
+	}
+finished:
+	/* Remove the "used" flag from all the persistent grants */
+	foreach_grant_safe(persistent_gnt, n, root, node) {
+		BUG_ON(persistent_gnt->handle ==
+			BLKBACK_INVALID_HANDLE);
+		clear_bit(PERSISTENT_GNT_WAS_ACTIVE, persistent_gnt->flags);
+	}
+	blkif->persistent_gnt_c -= (total - num_clean);
+	blkif->vbd.overflow_max_grants = 0;
+
+	/* We can defer this work */
+	INIT_WORK(&blkif->persistent_purge_work, unmap_purged_grants);
+	schedule_work(&blkif->persistent_purge_work);
+	pr_debug(DRV_PFX "Purged %u/%u\n", (total - num_clean), total);
+	return;
+}
+
 /*
  * Retrieve from the 'pending_reqs' a free pending_req structure to be used.
  */
@@ -453,12 +614,12 @@ irqreturn_t xen_blkif_be_int(int irq, void *dev_id)
 static void print_stats(struct xen_blkif *blkif)
 {
 	pr_info("xen-blkback (%s): oo %3llu  |  rd %4llu  |  wr %4llu  |  f %4llu"
-		 "  |  ds %4llu | pg: %4u/%4u\n",
+		 "  |  ds %4llu | pg: %4u/%4d\n",
 		 current->comm, blkif->st_oo_req,
 		 blkif->st_rd_req, blkif->st_wr_req,
 		 blkif->st_f_req, blkif->st_ds_req,
 		 blkif->persistent_gnt_c,
-		 max_mapped_grant_pages(blkif->blk_protocol));
+		 xen_blkif_max_pgrants);
 	blkif->st_print = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(10 * 1000);
 	blkif->st_rd_req = 0;
 	blkif->st_wr_req = 0;
@@ -470,6 +631,7 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg)
 {
 	struct xen_blkif *blkif = arg;
 	struct xen_vbd *vbd = &blkif->vbd;
+	unsigned long timeout;
 
 	xen_blkif_get(blkif);
 
@@ -479,13 +641,21 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg)
 		if (unlikely(vbd->size != vbd_sz(vbd)))
 			xen_vbd_resize(blkif);
 
-		wait_event_interruptible(
+		timeout = msecs_to_jiffies(LRU_INTERVAL);
+
+		timeout = wait_event_interruptible_timeout(
 			blkif->wq,
-			blkif->waiting_reqs || kthread_should_stop());
+			blkif->waiting_reqs || kthread_should_stop(),
-		wait_event_interruptible(
+			timeout);
+		if (timeout == 0)
+			goto purge_gnt_list;
+		timeout = wait_event_interruptible_timeout(
 			blkbk->pending_free_wq,
 			!list_empty(&blkbk->pending_free) ||
-			kthread_should_stop());
+			kthread_should_stop(),
+			timeout);
+		if (timeout == 0)
+			goto purge_gnt_list;
 
 		blkif->waiting_reqs = 0;
 		smp_mb(); /* clear flag *before* checking for work */
@@ -493,6 +663,13 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg)
 		if (do_block_io_op(blkif))
 			blkif->waiting_reqs = 1;
 
+purge_gnt_list:
+		if (blkif->vbd.feature_gnt_persistent &&
+		    time_after(jiffies, blkif->next_lru)) {
+			purge_persistent_gnt(blkif);
+			blkif->next_lru = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(LRU_INTERVAL);
+		}
+
 		/* Shrink if we have more than xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages */
 		shrink_free_pagepool(blkif, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages);
 
@@ -538,8 +715,10 @@ static void xen_blkbk_unmap(struct pending_req *req)
 	int ret;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < req->nr_pages; i++) {
-		if (!test_bit(i, req->unmap_seg))
+		if (req->persistent_gnts[i] != NULL) {
+			put_persistent_gnt(blkif, req->persistent_gnts[i]);
 			continue;
+		}
 		handle = pending_handle(req, i);
 		pages[invcount] = req->pages[i];
 		if (handle == BLKBACK_INVALID_HANDLE)
@@ -561,8 +740,8 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 			 struct page *pages[])
 {
 	struct gnttab_map_grant_ref map[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
-	struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnts[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
 	struct page *pages_to_gnt[BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST];
+	struct persistent_gnt **persistent_gnts = pending_req->persistent_gnts;
 	struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt = NULL;
 	struct xen_blkif *blkif = pending_req->blkif;
 	phys_addr_t addr = 0;
@@ -574,9 +753,6 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 
 	use_persistent_gnts = (blkif->vbd.feature_gnt_persistent);
 
-	BUG_ON(blkif->persistent_gnt_c >
-		   max_mapped_grant_pages(pending_req->blkif->blk_protocol));
-
 	/*
 	 * Fill out preq.nr_sects with proper amount of sectors, and setup
 	 * assign map[..] with the PFN of the page in our domain with the
@@ -587,7 +763,7 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 
 		if (use_persistent_gnts)
 			persistent_gnt = get_persistent_gnt(
-				&blkif->persistent_gnts,
+				blkif,
 				req->u.rw.seg[i].gref);
 
 		if (persistent_gnt) {
@@ -623,7 +799,6 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 	 * so that when we access vaddr(pending_req,i) it has the contents of
 	 * the page from the other domain.
 	 */
-	bitmap_zero(pending_req->unmap_seg, BLKIF_MAX_SEGMENTS_PER_REQUEST);
 	for (seg_idx = 0, new_map_idx = 0; seg_idx < nseg; seg_idx++) {
 		if (!persistent_gnts[seg_idx]) {
 			/* This is a newly mapped grant */
@@ -646,11 +821,10 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 			goto next;
 		}
 		if (use_persistent_gnts &&
-		    blkif->persistent_gnt_c <
+		    blkif->persistent_gnt_c < xen_blkif_max_pgrants) {
-		    max_mapped_grant_pages(blkif->blk_protocol)) {
 			/*
 			 * We are using persistent grants, the grant is
-			 * not mapped but we have room for it
+			 * not mapped but we might have room for it.
 			 */
 			persistent_gnt = kmalloc(sizeof(struct persistent_gnt),
 				                 GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -665,16 +839,16 @@ static int xen_blkbk_map(struct blkif_request *req,
 			persistent_gnt->gnt = map[new_map_idx].ref;
 			persistent_gnt->handle = map[new_map_idx].handle;
 			persistent_gnt->page = pages[seg_idx];
-			if (add_persistent_gnt(&blkif->persistent_gnts,
+			if (add_persistent_gnt(blkif,
 			                       persistent_gnt)) {
 				kfree(persistent_gnt);
 				persistent_gnt = NULL;
 				goto next_unmap;
 			}
-			blkif->persistent_gnt_c++;
+			persistent_gnts[seg_idx] = persistent_gnt;
 			pr_debug(DRV_PFX " grant %u added to the tree of persistent grants, using %u/%u\n",
 				 persistent_gnt->gnt, blkif->persistent_gnt_c,
-				 max_mapped_grant_pages(blkif->blk_protocol));
+				 xen_blkif_max_pgrants);
 			new_map_idx++;
 			goto next;
 		}
@@ -688,7 +862,6 @@ next_unmap:
 		 * We could not map this grant persistently, so use it as
 		 * a non-persistent grant.
 		 */
-		bitmap_set(pending_req->unmap_seg, seg_idx, 1);
 		new_map_idx++;
 next:
 		seg[seg_idx].offset = (req->u.rw.seg[seg_idx].first_sect << 9);

drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h

@@ -182,12 +182,23 @@ struct xen_vbd {
 
 struct backend_info;
 
+/* Number of available flags */
+#define PERSISTENT_GNT_FLAGS_SIZE	2
+/* This persistent grant is currently in use */
+#define PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE		0
+/*
+ * This persistent grant has been used, this flag is set when we remove the
+ * PERSISTENT_GNT_ACTIVE, to know that this grant has been used recently.
+ */
+#define PERSISTENT_GNT_WAS_ACTIVE	1
 
 struct persistent_gnt {
 	struct page *page;
 	grant_ref_t gnt;
 	grant_handle_t handle;
+	DECLARE_BITMAP(flags, PERSISTENT_GNT_FLAGS_SIZE);
 	struct rb_node node;
+	struct list_head remove_node;
 };
 
 struct xen_blkif {
@@ -219,6 +230,12 @@ struct xen_blkif {
 	/* tree to store persistent grants */
 	struct rb_root		persistent_gnts;
 	unsigned int		persistent_gnt_c;
+	atomic_t		persistent_gnt_in_use;
+	unsigned long           next_lru;
+
+	/* used by the kworker that offload work from the persistent purge */
+	struct list_head	persistent_purge_list;
+	struct work_struct	persistent_purge_work;
 
 	/* buffer of free pages to map grant refs */
 	spinlock_t		free_pages_lock;
@@ -262,6 +279,7 @@ int xen_blkif_xenbus_init(void);
 
 irqreturn_t xen_blkif_be_int(int irq, void *dev_id);
 int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg);
+int xen_blkif_purge_persistent(void *arg);
 
 int xen_blkbk_flush_diskcache(struct xenbus_transaction xbt,
 			      struct backend_info *be, int state);

drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c

@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ static void xen_update_blkif_status(struct xen_blkif *blkif)
 		err = PTR_ERR(blkif->xenblkd);
 		blkif->xenblkd = NULL;
 		xenbus_dev_error(blkif->be->dev, err, "start xenblkd");
+		return;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -121,6 +122,7 @@ static struct xen_blkif *xen_blkif_alloc(domid_t domid)
 	spin_lock_init(&blkif->free_pages_lock);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&blkif->free_pages);
 	blkif->free_pages_num = 0;
+	atomic_set(&blkif->persistent_gnt_in_use, 0);
 
 	return blkif;
 }